11 results
Approach to the A-a Gradient
A-a gradient = PAO2 - PaO2
A-a gradient = [FiO2 x (Patm -
Hypoventilation: CNS of Respiratory ... Wall Elasticity (flail ... Edema, Atelectasis ... Gradient #alveolar #arterial ... #pulmonary #Hypoxia
Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure - Differential Diagnosis Framework
DECREASED INSPIRED OXYGEN
 • Low PATM Can decrease first part
: Interstitial lung ... edema (most common ... direction leads to hypoxemia ... shunting (eg, atrial ... #Failure #hypoxia
Uncommon Causes of Noncardiogenic Pulmonary Edema (NCPE) - Differential Diagnosis Framework

High Altitude Pulmonary Edema:
 • Accumulation
blood cells in the lung ... of the spiral arteries ... dyspnea, tachypnea, hypoxemia ... edema can be caused ... #edema #causes
Pulmonary Pathology and Associated Lung Ultrasound Findings
Pneumothorax:
 - No lung sliding/barcode sign
 - Lung point (hard
pleura in severe cases ... Edema: - Widespread ... severity Acute Respiratory ... submassive PE) POCUS ... #POCUS #ultrasound
Berlin Criteria for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) 
- Respiratory symptoms must have begun within one
consistent with pulmonary ... edema must be present ... lobar collapse, lung ... by the ratio of arterial ... severity of the hypoxemia
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome – ARDS: Clinical Cheat Sheet

An acute diffuse, inflammatory lung injury, leading to
Acute Respiratory ... leading to increased pulmonary ... congestion with hypoxemia ... edema must be present ... <300mmHg with a
Differential Diagnosis of Respiratory Acid-Base Disorders
Alkalosis
A. Central nervous system stimulation: Pain, Anxiety, psychosis, Fever, Cerebrovascular accident,
Disorders Alkalosis A. ... Hypoxemia or tissue ... edema, Aspiration ... receptors: Hemothorax, Flail ... differential #diagnosis #causes
Acid Base Disorders - Blood Gas Interpretation

Steps for Blood Gas Interpretation: 
1. Acidemia or Alkalemia? 
2.
M Methanol A ... , pain, fever, hypoxia ... Classically” noted with pulmonary ... with associated hypoxia ... or restrictive lung
Bronchiectasis - Summary

What?
• Bronchiectasis is derived from the Greek words bronckos meaning airway and ectasis meaning
Chronic inflammation causes ... Chronic cough • Hypoxia ... Most Common Causes ... CT) • Broncho-arterial ... Immunoglobulins (Ig M, A,
Causes of Lactate Elevation, Lactic Acidosis - Differential Diagnosis

The most common causes of hyperlactatemia are usually:
-> focus on improving ... output - Acute pulmonary ... edema - Mesenteric ... - Sepsis - Bacterial ... ’s • Reduced Arterial