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diagnosis differential algorithm alkalosis chloride management bartter causes defects encephalopathy fanconi hypochloremia hypokalemia injury liddle localization msk nephron orthopedics physicalexam
Localization of Renal Tubular Defects Fanconi Syndrome: Proximal tubule Bartter Syndrome: Thick ascending loop of Henle Gitelman Syndrome: Distal
: Proximal tubule ... loop of Henle Gitelman ... Fanconi #Bartter #Gitelman ... Nephron #Defects #Pathophysiology ... #Nephrology
Gitelman Syndrome Pathophysiology Gitelman Syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive salt-losing tubulopathy with a prevalence of 1-
Gitelman Syndrome ... Gitelman Syndrome ... → Hypokalemia Metabolic ... #Syndrome #Pathophysiology ... #nephrology #diagnosis
Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis: Differential Diagnosis ECF volume contracted: urine chloride concentration <20 meq/L • Gastric alkalosis:
Causes of Metabolic ... postchronic hypercapnia (acute ... furosemide-like lesion) • Gitelman ... after fasting #Metabolic ... Diagnosis #Causes #nephrology
Gitelman Syndrome Overview What? • Inherited (AR) hypokalemic salt-losing tubulopathies affecting the thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter • Gitelman's syndrome
Gitelman Syndrome ... distal convoluted tubule ... Hypochloremic metabolic ... #nephrology #management ... #pathophysiology
Metabolic Alkalosis - Urinary Chloride Algorithm Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis • Kidney loss of Cl-
Metabolic Alkalosis ... diuretic use, Bartter syndrome ... , Gitelman syndrome ... in the proximal tubule ... urine #Algorithm #nephrology
Hypochloremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Cause - Decreased Intake: • Low salt in diet • Exclusive D5W
Excessive vomiting - Metabolic ... - Bartter - Gitelman ... SIGNS: • Muscle ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Pathophysiology ... #Nephrology #Chloride
Acute Spinal Cord Injuries: Pathogenesis and clinical findings • Anterior Cord Syndrome -> Anterior spinal artery
Acute Spinal Cord ... weakness and #Acute ... #diagnosis #pathophysiology ... #signs #symptoms ... #orthopedics #neurology
Weakness - Differential Diagnosis Framework Approach To Weakness: • Non-neuromuscular disorder (Cardiac, pulmonary etc) • CNS ->
Impairment: • Acute ... Radiation • Metabolic ... Lack of UMN/LMN signs ... Hypothyroid • Metabolic ... Differential #Diagnosis #neurology
The Neurological Evaluation of a Comatose Patient Definition: • Coma: a state of unresponsiveness; the absence of
Unresponsive wakefulness syndrome ... • Locked-in syndrome ... • Mutism Pathophysiology ... • Examine for signs ... #PhysicalExam #neurology
Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES) Overview Clinico-Radiological Syndrome, characterized by: • Headache • Seizures • Altered mental
may precede the neurologic ... Etiology: • Pathophysiology ... Drug toxicity, Metabolic ... , ADEM, Acute toxic ... diagnosis #management #neurology
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