38 results
Clinical features of focal cortical brain lesions in a right-handed individual

Frontal, either:  
Intellectual impairment, 
Personality
Personality change, Urinary ... Acalculia, Alexia ... right: Dressing apraxia ... left: Limb apraxia ... Localization #Symptoms #Signs
Alzheimer’s Disease: Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings
Risk factor for Late Onset Alzheimer's (99% of cases):
 - Increasing
Alzheimer's (99% of cases ... chromosome 21) Signs ... incontinence, apraxia ... AlzheimersDisease #Dementia #pathophysiology ... geriatrics #diagnosis #signs
Hypothyroidism – symptoms and signs.

Symptoms: 
Tiredness/malaise, 
Weight gain,
Anorexia,
Cold intolerance, 
Poor memory,
Change in appearance, 
Depression, 
Poor libido,
– symptoms and signs ... , Deafness Signs ... Psychosis/dementia, Ataxia ... Hypothyroid #Features #Signs ... #PhysicalExam #Endocrinology
Anticonvulsants as Mood Stabilizers: Mechanism and Side-effect
Examples: Valproate, Carbamazepine, Lamotrigine
 • Mild anticholinergic effect -> Drowsiness
Dose-dependent tremor, ataxia ... dizziness, diplopia, ataxia ... Systemic effect -> Nausea ... #SideEffects #Pathophysiology
Hyperparathyroidism - Primary vs Secondary vs Tertiary 
Lab Comparison:
 • Primary Hyperparathyroidism: ↑→PTH, ↑Calcium, ↑Vitamin D,
Hyperparathyroidism - Primary ... Comparison: • Primary ... Symptoms: Commonly no signs ... Hyperparathyroidism #diagnosis #endocrinology ... Secondary #Tertiary #pathophysiology
Primary Hyperthyroidism - Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings

Note: Although rare, gestational diseases can lead to thyrotoxicosis due
Primary Hyperthyroidism ... Signs/Symptoms: ... Pretibial myxedema #Primary ... Hyperthyroidism #endocrinology ... #pathophysiology
Primary Adrenal Insufficiency
Addison's Disease - Damage of the adrenal glands with lack of cortisol, androgens and
Tuberculosis: can cause ... vomiting • Fatigue Signs ... Reduced libido • Signs ... addisons #disease #endocrinology ... #diagnosis #signs
Wolfram syndrome (WS) is a form of monogenic diabetes that typically presents with diabetes mellitus in
4], cerebellar ataxia ... psychiatric illness, and urinary ... WOLFRAMSYNDROME #SUMMARY #ENDOCRINOLOGY
ACA infarcts are rare because of the collateral circulation provided by the anterior communicating artery. ACA infarct
sometimes with urinary ... These are uncommon causes ... 4.4% of stroke cases ... #frontallobe #Apraxia ... #aphasia #abulia
Heat Illnesses and Heat Stroke - Differential Diagnosis Framework

Heat Cramps:
 • Muscle pain or spasm -
Collapse: • Pathophysiology ... → Syncope • Signs ... electrolyte losses - Ataxia ... muscle function, Ataxia ... differential #diagnosis #causes