11 results
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Summary
ALS: combination of the clinical examination finding of amyotrophy with the pathologic
combination of UMN ... (3) primary lateral ... involvement • UMN ... conditions listed in differential ... neurology #diagnosis #management
Abnormal Liver Function Tests - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm for Transaminitis
Hepatocellular Pattern (ALT or AST > ALP):
Abnormal Liver Function ... Tests - Differential ... Severe - ALT >15X ULN ... Mild - ALT < 5x ULN ... Ducts - PBC
Elevated Liver Enzymes - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Severe ALT > 15x ULN
 • Viral
 • Drugs/Toxins
 •
Liver Enzymes - Differential ... Severe ALT > 15x ULN ... disease US — Normal ... Bile Ducts • PSC ... #LiverEnzymes #Differential
Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC) - Summary

PBC Epidemiology:
 • Female:Male 9:1
 • Common European descent
 • Age:
Primary Biliary ... • ALT & AST normal ... • ALP > 1.5 x ULN ... bile ducts Differential ... malignancy #Primary
Hypercalcemia Evaluation
1) Clinical clues
 - Is the patient symptomatic?
 - Family history?
 - Have you done
→ Primary hyperapara ... likely - Mid range/ULN ... → Primary hyperpara ... • If all normal ... Hypercalcemia #workup #differential
Autoimmune Hepatitis

Clinical Presentation
 - Highly variable clinical presentation, from subclinical disease to acute liver failure.
 -
reported (eg AIH-PBC ... upper limit of normal ... Hepatitis (eg Viral) Management ... AND IgG > 2x ULN ... AIH #Diagnosis #Management
Ascites - Diagnosis and Management Summary
Paracentesis studies: cell count + differential, albumin, protein, culture
 • Serum-ascites-albumin-gradient
Diagnosis and Management ... : cell count + differential ... source • SBP: PMN ... count (WBC x PMN ... Ascites #Diagnosis #Management
Liver Chemistries - Interpretation of LFTs

R-value: Serum (ALT/ULN ALT) / (Alk phos/ULN ALP)
 • R >
R-value: Serum (ALT/ULN ... ALT) / (Alk phos/ULN ... - If both are normal ... of ALP • Near normal ... chemistry #diagnosis #differential
Primary Biliary Cirrhosis - Management
A. Initiate therapy 
 - Initiate 1st line therapy with UDCA (13-15
Primary Biliary ... if ALP > 1.5x ULN ... and/or abnormal ... survey disease #PBC ... #Primary #Biliary
Multiple Sclerosis - Summary

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune-mediated neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system
Examination: • UMN ... Hyperreflexia, Clonus, Babinski ... Progressive MS • Primary ... sclerosis #diagnosis #management