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differential management causes algorithm neurology hyponatremia hypokalemia potassium hyperkalemia kidney sodium table alkalosis blood hematuria high low metabolic nutrition oncology
Algorithm for patients with hypokalemia on the basis of the potassium-to-creatinine ratio in the urine Urine K+
Aldosterone: Cushing syndrome ... , Syndrome of apparent ... excess, Liddle syndrome ... , Bartter syndrome ... , Gitelman syndrome
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Hypovolemia, UNa > 20: • Renal losses, Diuretic excess,
with renal tubal acidosis ... Cerebral salt wasting syndrome ... Stress, Drugs, Syndrome ... • Nephrotic syndrome ... Algorithm #Causes #nephrology
Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis: Differential Diagnosis ECF volume contracted: urine chloride concentration <20 meq/L • Gastric alkalosis:
Severe Cushing syndrome ... Congenital AME syndrome ... • Liddle syndrome ... ) • Gitelman syndrome ... calcium) alkali syndrome
Urine Specific Gravity - Interpretation Specific Gravity = Density of urine / Density of water SG close to
Urine Specific Gravity ... Diabetes insipidus (deficiency ... Dehydration • SIADH (syndrome ... Interpretation #diagnosis ... #differential #nephrology
Metabolic Alkalosis - Urinary Chloride Algorithm Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis • Kidney loss of Cl-
diuretic use, Bartter syndrome ... , Gitelman syndrome ... Urine chloride is ... #Algorithm #nephrology ... #differential #diagnosis
Volume Based Approach to Hyponatremia Hypovolemic, Serum uric acid >4 • Urine Na <20: Extra-renal losses •
uric acid >4 • Urine ... Glucocorticoid deficiency ... Cirrhosis, Nephrotic syndrome ... Hyponatremia #algorithm #diagnosis ... #sodium #low #nephrology
Workup for Hypophosphatemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework Rule out spurious hypophosphatemia: paraproteinemia, acute leukemia Measure Urine Fractional Excretion
leukemia Measure Urine ... alkalosis, Hungry bone syndrome ... Tumor genesis syndrome ... FGF-23: Fanconi syndrome ... Workup #phosphate #nephrology
Korsakoff Syndrome Clinical Findings: • Confabulation: Usually initial phase of the disease • Anterograde amnesia: Memory impairment
Korsakoff Syndrome ... Therefore, Korsakoff Syndrome ... Encephalopathy Treatment ... neudrawlogy #Korsakoff #Syndrome ... #neurology #diagnosis
Causes Abnormal Urine Color - Differential Diagnosis Turbid White Urine (Albinuria): • Chyluria, Filariasis, Schistosomiasis, Malignancy, Phosphaturia,
• Drummond's syndrome ... (blue diaper syndrome ... Bag Syndrome - ... Myoglobinuria, Nutcracker syndrome ... #nephrology
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
↓ Aldosterone: Syndrome ... excess, Liddle's syndrome ... Diuretics, Bartter syndrome ... , Gitelman syndrome ... - Metabolic acidosis
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