32 results
Hyperopia: Pathogenesis and clinical findings
 • Axial length of eye -> Short axial length of the
Hyperopia: Pathogenesis ... Decreased light convergence ... the retina => Hyperopia ... rays require less convergence ... near vision #Hyperopia
Convergence Retraction Nystagmus with a left 6th nerve palsy

Caused by a Midbrain hemorrhage

Dr. Boby Varkey Maramattom
Convergence Retraction ... @bobvarkey #Convergence
Parinaud's Syndrome
What?
 - Impaired upgaze
 - Light-near dissociation
 - Convergence retraction nystagmus
 - Eyelid retraction (Collier's
dissociation - Convergence
Amblyopia - Lazy Eye - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Deprivational - Obstruction of Visual Axis:
 • Ptosis
 •
Refractive Error) • Hyperopia
Parinaud's syndrome
What?
 • Light-near dissociation (tectal pupils)
 • Convergence retraction nystagmus
 • Eyelid retraction (Collier's sign)
tectal pupils) • Convergence
Undifferentiated critical congenital heart disease: Patterns of Presentation 
Pink baby:
 • Presents at 1-6 mo
Blue baby: • Hyperoxia
The eye is very complex and contains various tissues and structures that work together to provide
exotropia), down (hypotropia ... ), or up (hypertropia
Strabismus - Ocular Misalignment - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Phoria:
 • Latent deviation
 • Symmetrical corneal light reflex,
(onset 2-4yrs, hyperopic ... exotropia, hyper/hypotopia
Positive Hoffmann's sign (finger flexor reflex) in a patient with Multiple Sclerosis

The Hoffmann's reflex test itself
jerks suggest hypertonia
Hoffmann's Reflex on Physical Exam
The Hoffmann's reflex itself involves loosely holding the middle finger and flicking
jerks suggest hypertonia