19 results
Spondylolysis & Spondylolisthesis: Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings

Pars interarticularis stress fracture (spondylolysis) - most frequently in the
Stork test) • XR ... — scotty dog sign ... vertebrae • CT ... MSK #diagnosis #pathophysiology ... #signs #symptoms
Pott's Disease in Tuberculosis - Diagnosis and Management Summary
Epidemiology:
 - Typically from TB endemic areas
 -
cases Clinical Signs ... years - May have signs ... decreased reflexes Pathophysiology ... tissue damage - CXR ... involvement - CT
Heart failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF)
Clinical Presentation
1. Typical symptoms: dyspnea, orthopnea paroxysmal noctumal dyspnea, fatigue,
More Specific Signs ... Less Specific Signs ... Chest x-ray: signs ... → no signs of CXR ... coronary artery disease
Pleural effusion is not always visible as a meniscus in the costophrenic angle. 
A subpulmonic effusion
the only way to detect ... a patient with signs ... of CHF. ... #Clinical #Radiology ... #CXR #CHF #Pleural
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA): Extra-articular manifestations
Skin: 
 • Inflammation of skin (esp. over areas of stress) forms
pleural effusion on CXR ... interstitial lung disease ... RheumatoidArthritis #RA #pathophysiology ... #signs #symptoms
In order to better classify heart failure, the American College of Cardiology Foundation and the American
based solely on symptoms ... structural heart disease ... who never show symptoms ... or signs of heart ... #CHF #Congestive
Features of a Sickle Cell Crisis 
Sickle-cell disease - an autosomal recessive blood disorder.
Characterized by red
Sickle-cell disease ... Sickle cell disease ... The underlying pathophysiology ... Crisis #Features #Signs ... #Symptoms
Acute Closed Angle Glaucoma: Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings
OPHTHALMIC EMERGENCY: Early detection is essential, but most patients
• The disease ... lights are a key symptom ... damage & blindness Signs ... • Visual field defects ... ClosedAngle #Glaucoma #pathophysiology
Central Retinal Artery Occlusion: Pathogenesis and clinical findings
 • Inflammatory Disease: (i.e. GCA, SLE, GPA) ->
• Inflammatory Disease ... arrhythmias, congenital defects ... Occlusion #CRAO #pathophysiology ... ophthalmology #diagnosis #signs ... #symptoms
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA): Pathogenesis and Joint diseases features
 • RA affects 1% of population, women >
Pathogenesis and Joint diseases ... features • RA affects ... Extra-articular signs ... RheumatoidArthritis #RA #pathophysiology ... #signs #symptoms