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Replacing Water Losses in Hypernatremia 

By Dr. Joel Topf MD. Infographic by Hannah R Abrams

#Hypernatremia #Replacement
#Replacement #FreeWater
Waterborne Pathogens / Infections
 • Aeromonas - freshwater or brackish water
 • Edwardsiella tarda - freshwater
• Aeromonas - freshwater ... Edwardsiella tarda - freshwater ... shigelloides - freshwater ... rhusiopathiae - freshwater ... Mycobacterium marinum - freshwater
Leptospirosis
Pathogen: Leptospira (interrogans, kirschneri, noguchii)
Risk Factors:
 • Occupational exposure - Farmers, ranchers, trappers, veterinarians
 • Recreational
Recreational activities - Freshwater
Clonorchiasis - Clonorchis sinensis Life Cycle
1) Embryonated eggs passed in feces.
2) Eggs ingested by the snail
skin or flesh of freshwater
Diphyllobothriasis - Diphyllobothrium Life Cycle
1) Unembryonated eggs passed in feces
2) Eggs embryonate in water
3) Coracidia hatch
ingested by small freshwater
Clonorchis sinensis (Chinese or oriental liver fluke) Life Cycle

The trematode Clonorchis sinensis (Chinese or oriental liver
penetrate the flesh of freshwater ... pickled, or smoked freshwater
Figure 1. The life cycle of Angiostrongylus cantonensis.
Rats, as definitive hosts, acquire A. cantonensis when the
crabs, frogs, freshwater