15 results
Hypoxemia Differential Diagnosis Algorithm by A-a Gradient

Normal A-a Gradient:
 • ↓ Atmospheric pressure
 • Hypoventilation: CNS
Right-to-Left Shunt ... Cardiac, Vascular, Alveolar ... (↑Shunting), ↓Perfusion ... Dead space) • ↓Diffusion
Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure - Differential Diagnosis Framework
DECREASED INSPIRED OXYGEN
 • Low PATM Can decrease first part
first part of alveolar ... second part of alveolar ... across capillary-alveolar ... VIQ mismatch and shunt ... pulmonary embolus SHUNT
Acute Hypoxemia - Differential Diagnosis
 • Hyperacute: Aspiration, Flash Pulmonary Edema, Mucous Plugging, Bronchospasm, Pulmonary Embolism,
Pneumothorax, Alveolar ... Alkalosis • Shunt ... ARDS, Diffuse Alveolar ... AVMs • Focal Alveolar ... Hemorrhage • Impaired Diffusion
Approach to the A-a Gradient
A-a gradient = PAO2 - PaO2
A-a gradient = [FiO2 x (Patm -
(assumes Room Air ... Age-Adjusted Gradient • Alveolar ... Right to Left Shunt ... Disease and more • Diffusion ... #AA #Gradient #alveolar
COVID-19 - How does it affect you? 
Gas Exchange 
Each sac of air, or alveolus, is
Each sac of air ... , or alveolus, is ... Two alveolar cells ... that lines the alveolus ... endosome or membrane fusion
Air Bronchograms on Ultrasound

Opacification of alveolar spaces surrounding air-filled bronchioles; enables visualization of well-defined tissue/air interface;
Air Bronchograms ... Opacification of alveolar ... well-defined tissue/air ... interface; dynamic air ... including large effusions
Pericardial Clot on Echocardiogram

ST elevation of acute pericarditis was misdiagnosed as STEMI and thrombolysed with SK
thrombolysed with SK ... hemorrhagic pericardial effusion ... #Pericardial #effusion ... clinical #cardiology #a4c
Air Bronchograms on Ultrasound

Opacification of alveolar spaces surrounding air-filled bronchioles; enables visualization of well-defined tissue/air interface;
Air Bronchograms ... Opacification of alveolar ... well-defined tissue/air ... interface; dynamic air ... including large effusions
Hepatopulmonary Syndrome - Diagnosis and Management Summary
A defect in arterial oxygenation due to a gas exchange
either due to a diffusion-perfusion ... 1) or anatomic shunt ... Arterial blood gas (ABC ... performed on room air ... older) on room air
Stage III - Alveolar edema
This stage is characterized by continued fluid leakage into the interstitium, which
Stage III - Alveolar ... leakage in the alveoli ... (alveolar edema ... space (pleural effusion ... consolidations and air