2018 results
Comparison of Pathologic Breathing Patterns
Biot's respiration aka ataxic respiration:
 - Periodic breathing: hyperpnea (or normopnea) and
Periodic breathing: hyperpnea ... Diabetes mellitus) - Hyperpnea ... breathing: Gradual hyperpnoea ... /hypopnea and Apnea
Table of Breathing Patterns and Their Associated Conditions
Apnea
Biot's respirations
Bradypnea
Cheyne-Stokes respirations	
Hyperpnea
Hyperventilation
Hypoventilation
Kussmaul respirations
Orthopnea
Paradoxic ventilation
Sighing respirations
Tachypnea
Hoover's sign

#Breathing #Patterns #Diagnosis
respirations Hyperpnea
Tetralogy of Fallot - Hypoxic Spell Management
1. Oxygenation
2. Increase SVR
3. Abolish Hyperpnea
4. Correct Acidosis

- Dr. Rasha
Abolish Hyperpnea
Unilateral Acute Vision Loss - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Painful - Cornea
 • Keratopathy
Painful - No Abnormalities of
Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ... Painful - No Abnormalities ... pupil) Painful - Abnormalities ... Differential #Diagnosis #Algorithm
Causes of Hypoxemia- Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Ventilation/perfusion Mismatch
 • Airway Disease (Asthma, COPD)
 • Vascular (PE*)
 •
Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ... Weakness • Pleural Abnormalities ... • Chest Wall Abnormalities ... Differential #Diagnosis #Algorithm
Tachypnea - Differential Diagnosis Framework

Definitions
 • Tachypnea: Respiratory rate > 20/min, shallow breathing in adults
 •
in adults • Hyperpnea ... #Tachypnea #Hyperpnea
Pulse Abnormalities - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Unequal/DeIayed:
 • Obstructive arterial disease (ie. Atherosclerosis)
 • Aortic dissection
 •
Pulse Abnormalities ... Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ... hypoglycemia) #Pulse #Abnormalities ... Differential #Diagnosis #Algorithm
Approach to Elevated Bicarbonate (HCO3)
Risk Factors for Hypercapnea? (Hx of COPD, OSA, sedative use, CNS/muscular disorders?)
(+)
Risk Factors for Hypercapnea ... metabolic #alkalosis #algorithm
Causes of Approach to Altered Level of Consciousness - Workup
Clinical Exam - Focal
 • Trauma
 •
• Hypoxia • Hypercapnea ... diagnosis #workup #algorithm
Acid Base and Blood Gas Analysis
1. pH - What’s the primary disturbance?
2. pCO2 - What’s the
diuretics P - Post-hypercapnea ... acidbase #workup #algorithm