9 results
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) - Differential Diagnosis Framework
Pre-Renal:
 • Hypovolemia, Cardiorenal, Distributive Shock, HRS, Hypercalcemia, Renal
Artery Stenosis, Abdominal ... Compartment Syndrome ... AIN: Medication, Infection ... • Neurogenic Bladder ... Diagnosis #nephrology #causes
Lower Urinary Tract Infection: Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings

- Predisposing Factors:  Immunocompromised state, diabetes, elderly, female
Urinary Tract Infection ... Common): Indwelling catheter ... Enterococcus, Candida) -> Portal ... Urinary Tract Infection ... ("Cystitis"): Infection
Hematuria - Differential Diagnosis Framework

Gross Hematuria: Red/Dark urine
 • 1ml blood/liter urine can induce color change
• 1ml blood/liter ... deposits - Post-infectious ... renal vein between aorta ... • Cystitis • Bladder ... Hematuria: • Infection
Emphysematous Cystitis
Epidemiology:
 • Usually middle-aged diabetic women
 • Other RF: neurogenic bladder, urinary tract outlet obstruction,
RF: neurogenic bladder ... indwelling urinary catheter ... Abdominal or flank ... present or signs of infection ... producing gas in bladder
Abdominal Compartment Syndrome & Intrabdominal Pressure Measurement
APP (Abdominal Perfusion Pressure) = MAP (Mean Arterial Pressure) -
Abdominal Compartment ... Abdominal Compartment ... Foley urinary catheter ... Clamp catheter distal ... from the urinary catheter
ED Treatment of 
Abnormal Uterine Bleeding 

Hemodynamically unstable 
Resuscitation 
 • ABCs! 
 • Fluids +
pregnancy related cause ... with 26 French catheter ... increased risk of infection ... Monophasic combined oral ... breast cancer, liver
Nontuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) Infections 

Mycobacterial species other than those belonging to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and
status NTM Cause ... Lymphadenitis • Catheter ... Skin/Soft Tissue/Catheter ... Skin/Soft Tissue/Catheter ... (elevations of liver
Fever Patterns - Differential Diagnosis Framework

Continuous Fever:
Temp > 38°C with only 1 degree fluctuation in 24
Typhoid fever (Step ladder ... resolution falling to normal ... Pyogenic/focal infection ... Causes: • Still's ... Brucellosis • Liver
Pyogenic liver abscess in children
Common bacterial causes in children:
 • S.aureus
 • Strep spp
 • Enteric
Common bacterial causes ... Pseudomonas Sources of infection ... of infection (cholecystitis ... endocarditis) - Portal ... sources within abdominal