8 results
Diplopia - Double Vision - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Clinical Pearls:
 • Diplopia is almost always binocular.
 •
Diplopia - Double ... Clinical Pearls: • Diplopia ... a mass as the cause ... Cannot Abduct • Ischemia ... #Ophthalmology
Important Causes of Diplopia 
TIER 1-CRITICAL
Basilar artery thrombosis, Botulism, Basilar meningitis, Aneurysmn
TIER 2-EMERGENT:
Vertebral dissection, Myasthenia gravis,
Important Causes ... of Diplopia TIER ... Ophthalmoplegic migraine, Ischemic ... Orbital apex mass #Diplopia ... differential #diagnosis #ophthalmology
Diabetic Retinopathy: Pathogenesis and clinical findings

Mild Non-proliferative DR
 • Outpouchings of the weakened capillary walls or
re-vascularize the ischemic ... Localized retinal ischemia ... causes upregulation ... Retinopathy #Diabetes #ophthalmology ... complications #pathophysiology
Anticonvulsants as Mood Stabilizers: Mechanism and Side-effect
Examples: Valproate, Carbamazepine, Lamotrigine
 • Mild anticholinergic effect -> Drowsiness
tremor, dizziness, diplopia ... Systemic effect -> Nausea ... #SideEffects #Pathophysiology ... #Psychiatry #Pharmacology
Chronic Hypertensive Retinopathy: Pathogenesis and clinical findings

Ophthalmic Artery Hypertension
Stage 1: Mild/vasoconstrictive
 • Acute and chronic vasospasm
hyalinization causes ... fluffy white ischemic ... Elschnig's Spots • Ischemia ... #Retinopathy #pathophysiology ... #ophthalmology
Central Retinal Artery Occlusion: Pathogenesis and clinical findings
 • Inflammatory Disease: (i.e. GCA, SLE, GPA) ->
retinal edema caused ... by ischemia results ... axons death due to ischemia ... Occlusion #CRAO #pathophysiology ... #ophthalmology
Bulimia Nervosa: Signs and Symptoms
Associated Psychological / Behavioural Features
 • Feelings of shame, guilt and embarrassment
Sores, scars, calluses ... inducing vomiting #BulimiaNervosa ... #pathophysiology ... signs #symptoms #psychiatry
Bulimia Nervosa: Complications
GASTROINTESTINAL
 • Dehydration & inability to digest food -> Constipation
 • Recurrent vomiting exposes
hormone levels cause ... Cardiac Arrest #BulimiaNervosa ... Complications #pathophysiology ... signs #symptoms #psychiatry