22 results
Metabolic Alkalosis - Urinary Chloride Algorithm
Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis
 • Kidney loss of Cl-
/low blood pressure ... diuretic use, Bartter syndrome ... , Gitelman syndrome ... #nephrology #differential ... #diagnosis
Hematuria - Differential Diagnosis Framework

Gross Hematuria: Red/Dark urine
 • 1ml blood/liter urine can induce color change
Hematuria - Differential ... disease - Alport syndrome ... syndrome: • ... : - RBC casts ... • Nutcracker syndrome
Metabolic Alkalosis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm - Urinary Chloride
 • Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis
Metabolic Alkalosis ... - Normal/low blood ... diuretic use, Bartter syndrome ... , Gitelman syndrome ... #Alkalosis #Differential
Primary Metabolic Alkalosis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Volume Depleted 2° hyperaldosteronism
 • Low Urine Cl-: Vomiting, NGT
Primary Metabolic ... Alkalosis - Differential ... , Gitelman Syndrome ... #Primary #Metabolic ... #Alkalosis #Differential
Primary Metabolic Alkalosis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Volume Depleted - 2° hyperaldosteronism
 • Low Urine Cl-: Vomiting,
Primary Metabolic ... Alkalosis - Differential ... , Gitelman Syndrome ... , Liddle syndrome ... #Alkalosis #Differential
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm

Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
↓ Aldosterone: Syndrome ... excess, Liddle's syndrome ... Alkalosis: Emesis ... Diuretics, Bartter syndrome ... , Gitelman syndrome
Approach to Elevated Bicarbonate (HCO3)
Risk Factors for Hypercapnea? (Hx of COPD, OSA, sedative use, CNS/muscular disorders?)
(+)
for Respiratory Acidosis ... (Check Blood Gas ... Alkalosis Urine ... Barter, or Gitelman Syndrome ... #diagnosis
Urinary Casts and Disease Associations
Hyaline - May be nonspecific; seen in normal individuals or during severe
Urinary Casts and ... and concentrated urine ... Fatty - Nephrotic syndrome ... #Casts #Differential ... #Microscopy #Diagnosis
Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis: Differential Diagnosis
ECF volume contracted: urine chloride concentration <20 meq/L
 • Gastric alkalosis:
Alkalosis: Differential ... Severe Cushing syndrome ... Congenital AME syndrome ... ) • Gitelman syndrome ... #Alkalosis #Differential
Acid Base Disorders - Blood Gas Interpretation

Steps for Blood Gas Interpretation: 
1. Acidemia or Alkalemia? 
2.
Base Disorders - Blood ... Interpretation Steps for Blood ... Metabolic alkalosis ... Diagnosis: Causes ... D-lactate (short bowel syndrome