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diagnosis management neurology hypokalemia syndrome algorithm classification elevation encephalopathy epilepticus gitelman heatstroke illness lactic pathophysiology posterior pres reversible rhabdomyolysis status
Causes of Seizures - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Unprovoked - Epilepsy: • Focal: Simple, Complex • Generalized: Absence,
Causes of Seizures ... Toxic: Alcohol, Medication ... Hyperglycemia, Hyponatremia ... Eclampsia, Prophyria #Seizures ... #neurology
Hyponatremia - Diagnosis and Treatment Hyponatremia is usually caused by the inability to excrete water normally.
usually caused by ... of symptomatic (seizures ... #Differential # ... #management #nephrology ... #sodium
Causes of Lactate Elevation, Lactic Acidosis - Differential Diagnosis The most common causes of hyperlactatemia are usually:
Causes of Lactate ... circulation If drugs, seizures ... Causes of Lactate ... Heavy exercise - Seizures ... - HIV/HAART medications
Heat Illnesses and Heat Stroke - Differential Diagnosis Framework Heat Cramps: • Muscle pain or spasm -
Heat Stroke - Differential ... Dehydration - Loss of sodium ... illness → Hypernatremia ... consciousness, Coma/seizure ... #diagnosis #causes
Rhabdomyolysis - Differential Diagnosis Framework and Management Summary Causes of Rhabdomyolysis: • Trauma: - Immobilization - Crush injury - Compartment
Rhabdomyolysis - Differential ... exertion/training - Seizures ... Hyperuricemia • Hyponatremia ... Isotonic fluid/Lactated ... #treatment #nephrology
Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES) Overview Clinico-Radiological Syndrome, characterized by: • Headache • Seizures • Altered mental
• Headache • Seizures ... • Headache • Seizures ... Reversible course Differential ... Constipation, Seizures ... 2-3 mEq/L • Seizures
Causes of Hypokalemia Transcellular Shifts: - Alkalosis, Increased plasma insulin (treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis), ß-Adrenergic agonists, Hypokalemic
plasma insulin (treatment ... Renal tubular acidosis ... Heavy exercise, Heat ... #differential # ... diagnosis #nephrology
Causes of Status Epilepticus in Adults METABOLIC DISTURBANCES Hepatic encephalopathy Hypocalcemia Hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia Hyponatremia Uremia INFECTIOUS PROCESSES Central nervous system abscess Encephalitis Meningitis WITHDRAWAL SYNDROMES Alcohol Antiepileptic drugs Baclofen Barbiturates Benzodiazepines CENTRAL
hyperglycemia Hyponatremia ... accident Eclampsia Head ... #Epilepticus #Seizures ... #Differential # ... #neurology
Gitelman Syndrome Overview What? • Inherited (AR) hypokalemic salt-losing tubulopathies affecting the thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter • Gitelman's syndrome
ratio 0.5%) Differential ... Renal tubular acidosis ... tachycardia • Seizures ... Rhabdomyolysis Treatment ... Syndrome #diagnosis #nephrology
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