17 results
Classification, Differential Diagnosis, and Features of Hyponatremia According to Volume Status 

Hypervolemic hypernatremia 
 - CHF
- Nephrotic syndrome ... - Acute and chronic ... Vomiting - Diarrhea ... Differential #Diagnosis #Table ... #Causes
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Hypovolemia, UNa > 20: 
 • Renal losses, Diuretic excess,
Causes of Hyponatremia ... and metabolic alkalosis ... losses, Vomiting, Diarrhea ... : • Acute or chronic ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes
Metabolic Alkalosis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm - Urinary Chloride
 • Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis
Congenital chloride diarrhea ... , Gitelman syndrome ... metabolic acidosis: Chronic ... diarrhea, Kidney ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #causes
Hypophosphatemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm

Transcellular Shift
 • Recovery From DKA
 • Refeeding Syndrome
 • Acute Respiratory
• Refeeding Syndrome ... Acute Respiratory Alkalosis ... • Small bowel diarrhea ... • Anorexia • Chronic ... endocrinology #causes
Metabolic Alkalosis - Urinary Chloride Algorithm
Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis
 • Kidney loss of Cl-
diuretic use, Bartter syndrome ... , Gitelman syndrome ... metabolic acidosis • Chronic ... D-lactic acidosis • Chronic ... the indicated causes
Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis: Differential Diagnosis
ECF volume contracted: urine chloride concentration <20 meq/L
 • Gastric alkalosis:
Causes of Metabolic ... Chloride-rich diarrhea ... acute reversal of chronic ... dehydrogenase activity: Chronic ... Differential #Diagnosis #Causes
Acid Base Disorders - Blood Gas Interpretation

Steps for Blood Gas Interpretation: 
1. Acidemia or Alkalemia? 
2.
Acute or chronic ... D D-lactate (short ... bowel syndrome, ... acidosis: - Diarrhea ... tubular acidosis/Chronic
Hypomagnesemia - Etiologies by Mechanism

Decreased GI Uptake 
 - Poor dietary intake (particularly common in alcoholics)
GI losses - Chronic ... diarrhea / IBD ... - Hungry bones syndrome ... Low #Magnesium #Table ... Classification #Causes
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide)
 • Glaucoma
 • Epilepsy
 • Altitude
• Metabolic alkalosis ... • Hyponatremia ... Kidney stones caused ... and euvolemic hyponatremia ... #Medications #Table
Hyponatremia - Differential Algorithm
Isotonic Hyponatremia: Hyperlipidemia, Hyperproteinemia, Recent TURP
Hypotonic Hyponatremia: 
 • Hypovolemia: Diuretics/Nephropathies, Vomiting, Diarrhea,
Hyponatremia - Differential ... Nephropathies, Vomiting, Diarrhea ... Cirrhosis, Nephrotic Syndrome ... , Chronic Renal ... Algorithm #diagnosis #causes