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diagnosis management differential causes nephrology neurology signs symptoms algorithm pathophysiology treatment hyponatremia injury rheumatology video workup acute electrical electrocution encephalopathy
Hypernatremia Diagnosis and Workup Step 1 . Repeat the sodium concentration. Step 2. Check plasma osmolality. NORMAL PLASMA
Hypernatremia Diagnosis ... Check plasma osmolality ... mmol/L - true hyponatremia ... • nephrotic syndrome ... renal failure #Hypernatremia
Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis Workup Algorithm 1) Check Urine Osmolality: > 600 mOsm/kg - Implies extrarenal mechanism
Hypernatremia - ... 1) Check Urine Osmolality ... Extrarenal Hypernatremia ... Hypervolemic: Conn syndrome ... , Cushing syndrome
Hyponatremia - Diagnosis and Treatment Hyponatremia is usually caused by the inability to excrete water normally.
Hyponatremia - Diagnosis ... Calculate serum osmolality ... Measure urine osmolality ... demyelination syndrome ... of symptomatic (seizures
Hyponatremia (<135 mEq/L) is a common electrolyte abnormality caused by an excess of total body water
Hyponatremia (<135 ... asymptomatic to seizures ... urea causes the hyponatremia ... True hyponatremia ... #hyponatremia #ADH
Causes of Seizures - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Unprovoked - Epilepsy: • Focal: Simple, Complex • Generalized: Absence,
Causes of Seizures ... vasoconstriction syndrome ... Hyperglycemia, Hyponatremia ... Eclampsia, Prophyria #Seizures
Causes of Pediatric Seizures - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Infantile: • Benign Focal Epilepsy of Infancy • West
Causes of Pediatric Seizures ... • Dravet Syndrome ... Infection: • Febrile Seizures ... Hypocalcemia • Hyponatremia ... Cataplexy #Seizures
Hyponatremia Correction 1. Indications for Hypertonic Saline: seizure, coma, focal findings - typically occurs with
Hyponatremia Correction ... Hypertonic Saline: seizure ... Overcorrection of Hyponatremia ... Demyelination Syndrome ... MetroHealth_EM #Hyponatremia
Clinical manifestations of acute liver failure Brain: Hepatic encephalopathy, Cerebral edema, Intracranial hypertension,
Clinical manifestations ... hypertension, Seizures ... Hepatorenal syndrome ... Hepatoadrenal syndrome ... Hepatopulmonary syndrome
Anticonvulsants as Mood Stabilizers: Mechanism and Side-effect Examples: Valproate, Carbamazepine, Lamotrigine • Mild anticholinergic effect -> Drowsiness
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome ... -> Withdrawal seizure ... vomiting, diarrhea, hyponatremia
Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES) - Diagnosis Clinical Features: • Altered mental status (Either lethargy, confusion, or
Encephalopathy Syndrome ... PRES) - Diagnosis Clinical ... agitation) • Seizures ... Risk Factor + Clinical ... Encephalopathy #Syndrome
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