23 results
Pseudogout: pathogenesis and clinical findings
 - Idiopathic (vast majority of cases) -> Mechanism unknown
 - Familial
vast majority of cases ... pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD ... and/or x-ray - CPPD ... narrowing, and osteophytes ... Chondrocalcinosis #Pseudogout #CPPD
Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure - Differential Diagnosis Framework
DECREASED INSPIRED OXYGEN
 • Low PATM Can decrease first part
High altitude (eg ... gas equation • Causes ... Pneumonia, asthma, COPD ... Intrapulmonary shunting (eg ... intracardiac shunting (eg
Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis by Mechanism
Decr Blood Pressure (“Decr Effective Circulating Volume”) 
 - Volume depletion
- Malignancy (e.g ... CNS pathology (e.g ... Pulmonary pathology (e.g ... . pneumonia, COPD ... Diagnosis #Table #Causes
COPD phenotypes:  Blue Bloaters vs. Pink Puffers
The two most stereotypical forms of COPD are pink
COPD phenotypes: ... stereotypical forms of COPD ... airflow obstruction causes ... #Diagnosis #COPD ... #BlueBloaters #Comparison
High Output Heart Failure - Pathophysiology and Differential Diagnosis
Obesity - Systemic Vasodilation, Vasoactive Adipokines
Arteriovenous Fistula -
- Congenital (e.g ... HHT), Acquired (e.g ... Disease - Especially COPD ... Diagnosis #cardiology #causes
Cardiac Stress Testing
Exercise:
 • Everyone who can exercise should!
 • They must be able to raise
production to cause ... pts with severe COPD ... arrythmias Diagnostics: EKG
Peritoneal Dialysis vs Hemodialysis - Advantages and Disadvantages 
Peritoneal Dialysis:
 • Access: Abdominal wall insertion of
every 6 hours (CAPD ... machine (8 hours) (CCPD ... can be offered (e.g ... #Hemodialysis #comparison
Acute and Chronic Causes of Dyspnea - Differential Diagnosis
Pulmonary/Chest Wall:
 • Acute: Trauma, COPD exacerbation, Asthma
Acute and Chronic Causes ... Acute: Trauma, COPD ... Chronic: Asthma, COPD ... Metabolic acidosis (eg ... Acute #Chronic #Causes
Vasopressors Table 
Rough properties by Target Receptor, Heart Rate/Inotropy, Systemic Vascular Resistance, Cardiac Output, Blood Pressure,
Resistance, Main Uses ... 0.375-0.75 mcg/kg ... medium 4-10 mcg/kg ... high 10-20 mcg/kg ... Effect #Management #Comparison
Common Vasopressors and Inotropes
Norepinephrine (NE)
 - Indication: Distributive shock (1st line for septic shock), Cardiogenic shock
is not desired (e.g ... is not desired (e.g ... Bradyarrhythmias, Some cases ... Vasopressors #Inotropes #comparison