309 results
Approach to the A-a Gradient
A-a gradient = PAO2 - PaO2
A-a gradient = [FiO2 x (Patm -
A-a gradient = PAO2 ... - PaO2 A-a gradient ... Hypoventilation: CNS of Respiratory ... Embolism, Obstructive Lung ... , Interstitial Lung
Basics of Waveform Capnography
Waveform capnography assesses ventilation by monitoring exhaled carbon dioxide
Can use measurement and morphology
different phases of respiratory ... pathophysiology CLINICAL ... PHASE I - Inspiratory ... WAVEFORM - Critical ... the heart to the lung
Berlin Criteria for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) 
- Respiratory symptoms must have begun within one
Criteria for Acute Respiratory ... Syndrome (ARDS) - Respiratory ... week of a known clinical ... lobar collapse, lung ... #ARDS #Acute #Respiratory
Acid Base Disorders - Blood Gas Interpretation

Steps for Blood Gas Interpretation: 
1. Acidemia or Alkalemia? 
2.
Respiratory or Metabolic ... 7.35-7.45 • PaCO2 ... 35-45 mmHg • PaO2 ... Metabolic: pH pCO2 ... or restrictive lung
COVID-19 Diagnosis and Management Summary
Clinical and laboratory testing
Lung Ultrasound
HRCT scan
In-hospital treatment
Severity assessment and respiratory support 
Post-mortem
Management Summary Clinical ... laboratory testing Lung ... assessment and respiratory ... Post-mortem studies Long-term
Weaning from the Ventilator - Algorithm
Setting up for extubation success
 • Decrease demand — correct metabolic
acidosis, decrease CO2 ... steroids & NMB • Respiratory ... stop or reduce long ... Diuresis — Dry lungs ... are happy lungs
Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure - Differential Diagnosis Framework
DECREASED INSPIRED OXYGEN
 • Low PATM Can decrease first part
Hypoxemic Respiratory ... HYPOVENTILATION • Rising PaCO2 ... : Interstitial lung ... ventilation (V) in the lungs ... bypassing the lungs
Dynamic Air Bronchograms on Lung POCUS

Scanning right pectoral region. POCUS appearance of pneumonia, with consolidated ("hepatized")
Bronchograms on Lung ... POCUS Scanning ... POCUS appearance ... ("hepatized") lung ... #POCUS #clinical
Voluntary action
Emotion, temperature
Coughing, sneezing, etc.
Physical work
Respiratory center
in brainstem
Coinnervation
Medulla
Rhythm generator
IXth/Xth
nerve
Respiratory drive:
Peripheral
Central
Mechanosensors in locomotor system
Xth
nerve
Respiration
Central chemosensors
个
In CSF:
PC02, pH
Carotid
Physical work Respiratory ... IXth/Xth nerve Respiratory ... Mechanosensors in lung ... and respiratory ... muscles In blood: #PCO2
General schema for respiratory support in patients with COVID-19
Low flow nasal cannula
 • Typically set at
General schema for respiratory ... use conventional lung-protective ... patients with PaO2 ... Internet Book of Critical ... Care @iBookCC #respiratory