21 results
Hypoxia and Hypoxemia - Overview
Hypoxia - insufficient oxygen delivered to tissues to meet demands
Hypoxemia - low
O2 is inspired) PAO2 ... blood (measured on ABG ... hypoxia) - Low PaO2 ... Low SvO2 → Low PaO2 ... diagnosis #causes #pathophysiology
Acid Base Disorders - Blood Gas Interpretation

Steps for Blood Gas Interpretation: 
1. Acidemia or Alkalemia? 
2.
7.35-7.45 • PaCO2 ... 35-45 mmHg • PaO2 ... Metabolic: pH pCO2 ... or restrictive lung ... Summary #Nephrology #ABG
Approach to Acid Base Disorders - Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis
1) Start with the Anion Gap (AG).
2)
the Anion Gap (AG ... Do you need an ABG ... approximates an ABG ... and ~5 mmHg to pCO2 ... depression, Obstructive Lung
Proposed Pathophysiology of COVID19 Lung Injury

COVID19 Lung Injury model schematic based on 1) ACUTE thrombotic vascular
Proposed Pathophysiology ... of COVID19 Lung ... Injury COVID19 Lung ... due to unopposed Ang ... #LungInjury #Pathophysiology
Hepatopulmonary Syndrome - Diagnosis and Management Summary
A defect in arterial oxygenation due to a gas exchange
absence of intrinsic lung ... • Orthopnea - PaO2 ... on radioactive lung ... Oxygenation defect - PaO2 ... supplemental oxygen if PaO2
Capnography
Measurement of exhaled carbon dioxide can be used to confirm ETT placement, for safer procedural sedation,
capnography) • PACO2 ... venous CO2 • PaCO2 ... measured on an ABG ... intubation, single lung
Hyperacute Hypoxemia - Workup and Management
Differential Diagnosis: Aspiration, Flash Pulmonary Edema, Mucous Plugging, Bronchospasm, Pulmonary Embolism,
(JVP, edema), Lung ... Exam, POCUS (B-lines ... , lung sliding) ... BNP, Troponin), ABG
Humoral Immunity - Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings
Antigens (Ag) are produced from pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites)
Findings Antigens (Ag ... cell-dependent Ag ... : Ag-presenting ... Memory B cells are long-lived ... Humoral #Immunity #pathophysiology
Air Bronchograms on Ultrasound

Opacification of alveolar spaces surrounding air-filled bronchioles; enables visualization of well-defined tissue/air interface;
bronchograms (AB ... consolidation; static AB ... Static #Dynamic #POCUS ... #Clinical #Lung
The pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. 1 – In an initiating phase, there is lung alveolar
phase, there is lung ... of the normal lung ... that bind the Arg-Gly-Asp ... laid down in a lung ... #IPF #Pathophysiology