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Pivot-Shift Test in ACL-deficient Knee

This patient has pathologic varus alignment across the knee and a chronic

Pivot-Shift Test ... dr.dold.md #Pivot ... #Shift #PivotShift

Normal (Negative) Pivot-Shift Test for ACL Knee Injury

Andrew Dold, MD @dr.dold.md

#Pivot #Shift #PivotShift #test #ACL #Knee

Normal (Negative) Pivot-Shift ... dr.dold.md #Pivot ... #Shift #PivotShift

Causes of Hyperkalemia

Hyperkalemia is caused by excess potassium intake, impaired potassium excretion, or transcellular shifts. The

Causes of Hyperkalemia ... Hyperkalemia is caused ... by excess potassium ... intake, impaired potassium ... transcellular shifts

Causes of Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
• Increased Intake
• Reduced Excretion (IV potassium with

Causes of Hyperkalemia ... Excretion (IV potassium ... Transcellular Shift ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes

Pivot Shift test for Knee Instability

The patient lies supine while the examiner grasps the leg by

Pivot Shift test ... PT_yuu_mizu628 #Pivot ... #Shift #PivotShift

Causes of Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Increased Loss
- Increased GI Loss
- Increased Urinary

Causes of Hypokalemia ... Transcellular Shift ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #causes ... #potassium #low

Hyperkalemia Treatment Options
Stabilize cardiac membrane:
• IV Calcium (peaks 5-10 minutes)
Decrease potassium concentration:
• IV Fluids
Shift

minutes) Decrease potassium ... • IV Fluids Shift ... potassium intracellularly ... #Hyperkalemia #management ... #potassium #nephrology

Hyperkalemia - Management Algorithm
• IV calcium
• IV insulin and glucose and/or salbutamolt
• Consider

Hyperkalemia - Management ... Dialysis Serum potassium ... blocks, QRS axis shift ... #hyperkalemia #potassium ... high #diagnosis #management

Potassium Electrolyte Repletion
If patient also has hypomagnesemia, replete magnesium before repleting potassium
Oral:
• Pills (ask pharmacy

Potassium Electrolyte ... before repleting potassium ... Intravenous (can cause ... SatyaPatelMD #Potassium ... Electrolyte #Repletion #management

Rhabdomyolysis - Differential Diagnosis and Management Summary

Trauma:
• Immobilization, Crush iniury, Compartment syndrome, Electrical injury
Exertional:
•

Diagnosis and Management ... Shift of extracellular ... Monitor potassium ... Differential #Diagnosis #Management ... #Summary #causes

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