42 results
Diabetic Retinopathy: Pathogenesis and clinical findings

Mild Non-proliferative DR
 • Outpouchings of the weakened capillary walls or
Diabetic Retinopathy ... -> Cotton-wool spots ... #Retinopathy #Diabetes ... #ophthalmology ... complications #pathophysiology
Cotton Wool Spots

Caused by microinfarcts. Exploded ganglion cell axons extrude their axoplasm into retina. Long DDx:
Cotton Wool Spots ... hypertension, diabetes ... #CottonWool #Spots ... #fundoscopy #ophthalmology
Pathyophysiology - hyperglycemic crises in patients with diabetes 
Key signs/symptoms of HHS/DKA:
Both: Polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss,
Pathyophysiology ... patients with diabetes ... hypotension) DKA: Short
Central Retinal Vein Occlusion (CRVO)
 - Pathophysiology not fully understood; possibly due to thrombus located in
Occlusion (CRVO) - Pathophysiology ... common cause: Diabetic ... ) #Clinical #Ophthalmology
Causes of Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Increased Loss 
 - Increased GI Loss
 - Increased Urinary
Hypokalemia - Differential ... K-ATPase which imports ... #Hypokalemia #Differential ... potassium #low #pathophysiology
Lactic Acidosis Classification - Type A vs Type B
Type A Lactic Acidosis: Sepsis, Ischemic bowel, Hemorrhagic
Disease, Malignancy, Diabetes ... , Short bowel (D-lactate ... TypeB #diagnosis #differential
Chronic Vision Loss by Anatomic Location - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Cornea:
 • Keratoconus
 • Stromal Scaring
 •
Anatomic Location - Differential ... - Cotton wool spots ... Macular Edema: • Diabetic ... Chronic #VisionLoss #Differential ... Algorithm #Causes #Ophthalmology
Diplopia - Double Vision - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Clinical Pearls:
 • Diplopia is almost always binocular.
 •
Double Vision - Differential ... • Ischemia • Diabetes ... • Ischemia • Diabetes ... #DoubleVision #Differential ... Algorithm #Causes #Ophthalmology
Prader-Willi Syndrome: Pathogenesis and clinical findings
 • Maternal uniparental disomy: inheriting 2 copies of maternal chromosome
fractures • Short ... Obesity -> Type 2 diabetes ... Syndrome #genetics #pathophysiology
High Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis (HAGMA) - Differential Diagnosis - GOLDMARK

Glycols - ethylene and propylene glycol
Oxoproline
Acidosis (HAGMA) - Differential ... associated with short ... Ketoacidosis - diabetic ... Acidosis #HAGMA #Differential