9 results
Diabetic Retinopathy: Pathogenesis and clinical findings

Mild Non-proliferative DR
 • Outpouchings of the weakened capillary walls or
Diabetic Retinopathy ... -> Cotton-wool spots ... #Retinopathy #Diabetes ... #ophthalmology ... complications #pathophysiology
Chronic Diarrhea - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Steatorrhea
 - Maldigestive
    • Pancreatic Insufficiency
 - Primary
Chronic Diarrhea ... - Differential ... Ischemia • Short ... exclusion) • Diabetic ... #SmallBowel #Differential
Chronic Vision Loss by Anatomic Location - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Cornea:
 • Keratoconus
 • Stromal Scaring
 •
Anatomic Location - Differential ... - Cotton wool spots ... Macular Edema: • Diabetic ... Chronic #VisionLoss #Differential ... Algorithm #Causes #Ophthalmology
Thiamine Deficiency - Differential Diagnosis Framework and Clinical Manifestations

Causes of Thiamine Deficiency:
 • Poor intake:
	- Diets
Thiamine Deficiency - Differential ... Increased loss: - Diarrhea ... gravidarum - Diuretic ... Manifestations #Differential ... beriberi #nutrition #pathophysiology
Refeeding Syndrome Overview

What Is It?
	• Electrolyte/fluid shifts caused by initiation of nutrition in severely malnourished patient.
Poorly controlled diabetes ... Palpitations • Diarrhea ... Syndrome #Nutrition #Differential ... #Diagnosis #Pathophysiology
Diarrhea with Normal Colonoscopy
 • Colonic: Bile acid malabsorption, Microscopic colitis, Overflow diarrhoea, Missed pathology
 •
Diarrhea with Normal ... colitis, Overflow diarrhoea ... e.g. coeliac), Short ... • Endocrine: Diabetes ... #differential #
Acid Base Disorders - Blood Gas Interpretation

Steps for Blood Gas Interpretation: 
1. Acidemia or Alkalemia? 
2.
Differentials? ... D D-lactate (short ... Ketoacidosis (starvation, diabetic ... acidosis: - Diarrhea ... Base #Gas #VBG #differential
Causes of Chronic Diarrhea
Osmotic Diarrhea
 1. Medications: antacids, lactulose, sorbitol
 2. Disaccharidase deficiency: lactose intolerance
 3.
Osmotic Diarrhea ... bowel resection (short ... motility disorders (diabetes ... : scleroderma, diabetes ... #Causes #Differential
Gitelman Syndrome Overview

What?
• Inherited (AR) hypokalemic salt-losing tubulopathies affecting the thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter
• Gitelman's syndrome
with thiazide diuretic ... Hypocalciuria (spot ... ratio 0.5%) Differential ... Congenital chloride diarrhea ... nephrology #management #pathophysiology