23 results
Hyperparathyroidism - Primary vs Secondary vs Tertiary 
Lab Comparison:
 • Primary Hyperparathyroidism: ↑→PTH, ↑Calcium, ↑Vitamin D,
vs Secondary vs ... Comparison: • Primary ... Symptoms: Commonly no signs ... Hyperparathyroidism #diagnosis #endocrinology ... #pathophysiology
Primary vs Secondary Adrenal Insufficiency - Pathophysiology
Primary AI = adrenal glands themselves are the problem. This
Primary vs Secondary ... Insufficiency - Pathophysiology ... Primary AI = adrenal ... Insufficiency #Pathophysiology ... #endocrinology
Primary Hyperthyroidism - Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings

Note: Although rare, gestational diseases can lead to thyrotoxicosis due
Primary Hyperthyroidism ... Secondary hyperthyroidism ... Signs/Symptoms: ... Hyperthyroidism #endocrinology ... #pathophysiology
Primary Sjogren’s Syndrome: Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings
• Primary Sjögren's is a solitary process whereas secondary Sjögren's
process whereas secondary ... diseases • In secondary ... erythematosus (SLE) Signs ... Sjogrens #Syndrome #Pathophysiology ... #Diagnosis #Signs
Approach to Thyroid Function Tests in the Evaluation of Hyperthyroidism
 • Low TSH, Low normal T4
high T4 +/- T3 → Primary ... Hyperthyroidism → Signs ... T3 → Central (secondary ... algorithm #diagnosis #endocrinology
Stress Ulcer Prophylaxis

Stress ulcerations are common in ICU patients and may lead to hemorrhage if not
prophylaxis for primary ... ulceration is secondary ... distinct from, primary ... hospitalization) • Pathophysiology ... #pharmacology #management
Adrenal Insufficiency - Diagnosis and Management Summary
Primary Adrenal Insufficiency:
Most Common Cause in the US: Autoimmune Adrenalitis
Other
Diagnosis and Management ... Summary Primary ... Causes of Secondary ... Insufficiency #Primary ... #Management #Endocrinology
Emphysematous Cystitis
Epidemiology:
 • Usually middle-aged diabetic women
 • Other RF: neurogenic bladder, urinary tract outlet obstruction,
compromise Clinical Signs ... be present or signs ... Pathophysiology: ... also important Management ... Cystitis #diagnosis #management
Varicocele: Pathogenesis and clinical findings
Primary:
 - Anatomically: the left spermatic vein drains into the left renal
clinical findings Primary ... spermatic vein Secondary ... • Primary varicocele ... #Varicocele #Pathophysiology ... #Signs #Symptoms
Causes of Secondary Hypertension - Workup and Differential Diagnosis
Approach (when evaluation should be done):
1. Severe or
Causes of Secondary ... hypertension and signs ... renal bruit or signs ... Vasculitis • Endocrinologic ... Hypothyroidism, Primary