29 results
Acid Base Disorders - Blood Gas Interpretation

Steps for Blood Gas Interpretation: 
1. Acidemia or Alkalemia? 
2.
ABG And BMP Normal ... (AG) = {Na - (Cl ... Delta: Delta = (AG ... Pure Normal AG ... 2.0 Pure High AG
Approach to Acid Base Disorders - Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis
1) Start with the Anion Gap (AG).
2)
(AG). 2) Next, ... expected based on the AG ... the change in AG ... Do you need an ABG ... approximates an ABG
Purple Urine Bag Syndrome
Chronic, indwelling catheter + bacteriuria (Providencia, Klebsiella, E.coli*) + alkaline urine
Tryptophan → Indoxyl
Purple Urine Bag ... Syndrome Chronic ... Purple #Urine #Bag ... #pathophysiology ... clinical #photo #differential
Hypoglycemia Workup and Differential Diagnosis
Workup:
 • Sulfonylurea Labs
 • Anti-lnsulin Ab - Insulin Autoimmune Syndrome
 •
metabolic demand causes ... glucose q6 hrs until BG ... Continue until BG ... In insulinoma, BG ... Diagnosis #insulinoma #endocrinology
Humoral Immunity - Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings
Antigens (Ag) are produced from pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites)
Findings Antigens (Ag ... cell-dependent Ag ... : Ag-presenting ... cell-independent Ag ... detect and bind Ag
Ketosis Disorders
Ketone bodies are a normal metabolic energy source. Excessive unregulated production of ketones, often accompanied
of re-feeding syndrome ... blood glucose (BG ... marked increase in BG ... #ketones #differential ... diagnosis #management #endocrinology
Hypotension - Guidelines for Crises in Anaesthesia

Hypotension is commonly due to unnecessarily deep anaesthesia, the autonomic
Increase fresh gas ... confirm reservoir bag ... using reservoir bag ... rhythm, treat as ... #Hypotension #Differential
Increased Airway Pressure - Guidelines for Crises in Anaesthesia

Using these steps from start to end should
Increase fresh gas ... confirm reservoir bag ... using reservoir bag ... arterial blood gas ... Airway #Pressure #Differential
Intraoperative Hypertension - Guidelines for Crises in Anaesthesia
Hypertension is most commonly due to inappropriate depth of
• Check fresh gas ... confirm reservoir bag ... causes: • Check ... using reservoir bag ... overload / TURP syndrome
Anticonvulsants as Mood Stabilizers: Mechanism and Side-effect
Examples: Valproate, Carbamazepine, Lamotrigine
 • Mild anticholinergic effect -> Drowsiness
Anticonvulsants as ... Stevens-Johnson Syndrome ... relapse of bipolar disorder ... #SideEffects #Pathophysiology ... #Psychiatry #Pharmacology