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Some of the techniques used for Antenatal Diagnosis

Amniocentesis 
 - Chromosome/micro-array and DNA analysis 
 -
— PCR Fetal blood ... sampling - Fetal ... serology - Fetal blood ... Chorionic villus sampling ... from maternal blood
Internal Jugular Vein Rouleaux Flow on POCUS

Amazing video of a dilated IJV showing Rouleaux flow. Whenever
Rouleaux Flow on POCUS ... Whenever the blood ... significantly, it causes ... for underlying cause ... Jugular #IJ #Vein #POCUS
Black and Bloody Stools - Melena and Hematochezia
Melena - Refers to passage of black, tarry (sticky
Black and Bloody ... Occult blood tests ... result from other causes ... hemorrhage may also cause ... #Differential #Causes
Childhood Immunization Schedule: Why we immunize
 • Diphtheria Toxin -> URT inflammation causes pseudomembrane with hardened
URT inflammation causes ... severe swelling causes ... severe swelling causes ... disseminates in blood ... fetal blood vessel
Arterial Lines & Waveforms
Arterial lines permit continuous invasive blood pressure measurement, frequent arterial blood sampling, and
continuous invasive blood ... frequent arterial blood ... sampling, and analysis ... intrathoracic pressure and causes
Approach to determining the cause of a blood clot
1) Is it acquired?
2) Should you consider inheritable
determining the cause ... of a blood clot ... consider inheritable causes ... VTE #diagnosis #causes
Causes of Secondary Hypertension - Differential Diagnosis and Screening Testing
Common causes: 
 • Renal parenchymal disease
Causes of Secondary ... Testing Common causes ... Tests to evaluate cause ... , adrenal vein sampling ... agent Uncommon causes
Hematuria - Differential Diagnosis Framework

Gross Hematuria: Red/Dark urine
 • 1ml blood/liter urine can induce color change
urine • 1ml blood ... disease Renal Causes ... Mass Ureteral Causes ... and SMA - Can cause ... #renal #urine #blood
Tachypnea - Differential Diagnosis Framework

Definitions
 • Tachypnea: Respiratory rate > 20/min, shallow breathing in adults
 •
breathing Pulmonary Causes ... PVFM) Cardiac Causes ... Hematologic Causes ... Hypovolemic shock (blood ... acidosis of any cause
Causes of Thrombocytopenia and Platelet Disorders - Differential Diagnosis and Workup
History:
 - Prior platelet count, family
Causes of Thrombocytopenia ... practices that could cause ... plateletcount), peripheral blood ... patients if the cause ... Differential #Diagnosis #Causes