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Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia - Summary

Cancer affecting lymphocytes/Mature B cell neoplasm
 • Lymphocytes accumulate in large numbers
Orange or Hep C Clinical ... cells can infiltrate ... disease • B cell ... AIHA • Pure red cell ... lymphoma • Hairy cell
Sickle cells
These photos show sickle cells on peripheral blood smears. In the left photo target cells
Sickle cells These ... clinically and ... e.g. there were reports ... for sickling of cells ... #Clinical #Path
Causes of Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Increased Loss 
 - Increased GI Loss
 - Increased Urinary
Transcellular Shift Into Cells ... - Increased Cell ... K-ATPase which imports ... K+ into cells:
Cotton Wool Spots

Caused by microinfarcts. Exploded ganglion cell axons extrude their axoplasm into retina. Long DDx:
Cotton Wool Spots ... Exploded ganglion cell ... #CottonWool #Spots ... ophthalmology #Clinical
Inflammatory Cascade: Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings
Continued Innate Immunity
 • Phagocytosis: (main mechanism) neutrophils and macrophages engulf
Pathogenesis and Clinical ... Natural Killer Cells ... • Humoral: (B cell ... : (T cell response ... and cytotoxic cell
Schistocytes can assume a shape resembling natural or man-made objects such as arrowheads, fish, collar buttons,
point to helmet cells ... are a teardrop cell ... , 2 blister cells ... ), and 2 burr cells ... #Clinical #Path
Type II Hypersensitivity: Pathogenesis and clinical findings
Definition: When antigens bind to the body's cell surfaces, forming
Pathogenesis and clinical ... to the body's cell ... receptor on body cell ... -> B-Cells with ... foreign -> B-cells
Type IV Hypersensitivity: Pathogenesis and clinical findings
Definition: Unique because it is entirely T-Cell mediated; exposure to
Pathogenesis and clinical ... is entirely T-Cell ... allergen-specific T-Cell ... exposure, because T-Cell ... harmful -> Th Cells
Humoral Immunity - Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings
Antigens (Ag) are produced from pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites)
Pathogenesis and Clinical ... Ag-presenting cells ... CD4+ helper T cells ... or plasma cells ... ) • Plasma cells
Peripheral Blood Smear Analysis
Hypochromia
Megaloblastic Anemia
Schistocytes: Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (e.g. DIC, TTP, HUS)
Microspherocytes: Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
Sickled red
anemia Sickled red cells ... : Sickle cell disease ... Bite cells: G6PD ... interpretation #clinical