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Beginner's Guide to End-Tital Capnography
4 Phases of the Capnoqram
I - Inspiration and expiration Of dead space
II
ventilated alveoli Ill ... CPR • Can show fluid ... #Diagnosis #PCC ... Capnography #Capnogram #Patterns ... #Waveform #Interpretation
Capnography
Measurement of exhaled carbon dioxide can be used to confirm ETT placement, for safer procedural sedation,
• PETCO2 - End-tidal ... The Capnograph waveform ... ventilation • Phase Ill ... #Capnography #interpretation ... #waveforms #patterns
Abnormal Liver Function Tests - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm for Transaminitis
Hepatocellular Pattern (ALT or AST > ALP):
Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ... Hepatocellular Pattern ... NAFLD, Others • Mild ... dz Cholestatic Pattern ... Transaminitis #Algorithm
Basics of Waveform Capnography
Waveform capnography assesses ventilation by monitoring exhaled carbon dioxide
Can use measurement and morphology
PATTERNS: • BRONCHOSPASM ... peak, not end-tidal ... surface - Pattern ... #Capnography #interpretation ... #patterns #diagnosis
Fluid Responsiveness and Fluid Tolerance Testing - OnePager Summary
Fluid resuscitation can be beneficial when required or
Analysis of the waveform ... measurement of CO via a PAC ... • END TIDAL CO2 ... PULMONARY A vs B-LINE PATTERN ... predominant lung US pattern
Basic Interpretation
A structured approach to interpretation of HRCT involves the following questions:
What is the dominant HR-pattern:
reticular
nodular
high
Basic Interpretation ... structured approach to interpretation ... the dominant HR-pattern ... findings (pleural fluid ... #Algorithm #ILD
Venous Excess Ultrasound (VExUS) - Fluid Overload and Venous Congestion Assessment
Step 1: IVC Diameter: If >2cm,
Ultrasound (VExUS) - Fluid ... Vein Doppler Interpretation ... 2cm Grade 1 (Mild ... or Mildly Abnl Patterns ... Severely Abnl Pattern
Mechanical ventilation in obese patients according to the i-STAR Algorithm
Intubate
 • Anticipate difficult airway management and
to the i-STAR Algorithm ... ventilation • Fluids ... Ventilation • Tidal ... ARDS, tolerate mild ... patients #iSTAR #Algorithm
On the left a smoker with RB-ILD with subtle HRCT-findings.
The dominant pattern is ground glass opacification.
Additional
smoker with RB-ILD ... The dominant pattern ... mandatory for the interpretion ... first think RB-ILD ... immunocompromised patient PCP