9 results
Differential Diagnosis and Evaluation of Hyponatremia:
1) Identification of onset (acute vs. chronic)
2) Presence of symptoms (HA,
Diagnosis and Evaluation ... symptoms (HA, nausea ... , liver, renal disease ... history #Diagnosis #EM ... Differential #Algorithm #Ddxof
Algorithm and Differential Diagnosis of Macroscopic Hematuria
Important Historical Elements:
- Painless: suggests malignancy
- Painful: suggests calculi/infection
- Urinalysis:
RBC’s, RBC/WBC casts ... intrinsic renal disease ... prostatic) #Diagnosis #EM ... #IM #Urology #Hematuria ... Differential #Algorithm #Ddxof
Serious Bacterial Illness (SBI):
1) UTI and pyelonephritis
Most common cause of SBI
Accounts for 3-8% of uncharacterized fevers
Female
pyelonephritis Most common cause ... Consider BCx, CSF evaluation ... seizure) #Diagnosis #Peds ... #EM #Classification ... SeriousBacterialIllness #Ddxof
Causes of Neuromuscular Weakness
 • Spinal Cord: Demyelinating Disease (MS), Epidural abscess, Infarction, Syringomyelia, Tetanus, Transverse
Causes of Neuromuscular ... Demyelinating Disease ... heavy metals), Critical ... Shellfish poisoning, Meds ... differential #diagnosis #neurology
Causes of Secondary Hypertension - Workup and Differential Diagnosis
Approach (when evaluation should be done):
1. Severe or
Approach (when evaluation ... heart failure, neurologic ... 109 mm Hg) with clinical ... Renal parenchymal disease ... Neurologic disorders
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) Deficiency
Etiology:
 • Vit B12 - aka cobalamin. Present in foods derived from animal
• Common Causes ... intrinsic factor, IF) Clinical ... related to IBD, celiac ... disease, other ... total body stores Evaluation
Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES) Overview

Clinico-Radiological Syndrome, characterized by:
 • Headache
 • Seizures
 • Altered mental
may precede the neurologic ... Shock, Autoimmune disease ... the underlying cause ... Seizures: Treat with AEDs ... until cause identified
CNS Infection in HIV / AIDS - Differential Diagnosis Framework

Principles of HIV-Associated CNS Opportunistic Infections:
 •
should be based on clinical ... presentation, temporal evolution ... status, and focal neurologic ... Demyelinating disease ... caused by the JC
Blood Culture-Negative Infective Endocarditis (BCNIE)
Definition: No etiology found after 3 separate blood cultures remain negative for
BCNIE relies on evaluation ... antimicrobials, clinical ... but important causes ... factors: - Serology ... exists Infectious Diseases