1605 results
Possible Causes of Altered Urine Color 

Red 
    Foods: beets, blackberries, rhubarb
Causes of Altered Urine ... Medications: laxatives ... nitrofurantoin), laxatives ... Purple (Purple Urine ... Differential #Diagnosis #Nephrology
Normal Anion-Gap Acidosis (NAGMA) - Differential Diagnosis Framework and Workup

NAGMA
- Chem, ABG or VBG
- Calculate Anion
Gap - UAG and Urine ... gap - UA with urine ... Gap - Estimate urine ... drains - Chronic laxative ... Diagnosis #Workup #nephrology
Pragmatic diagnostic algorithm for hypokalemia. 
***Typical presentations: 
 • Vomiting: urine Na/Cl > 1.6, low urine
• Vomiting: urine ... Cl; • Laxative ... : urine Na/Cl < ... 0.7, high urine ... differential #algorithm #nephrology
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm

Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
A urine K/Cr ratio ... extra-renal causes • Laxative ... • Diarrhea A urine ... differential #potassium #nephrology
Causes of Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Decreased intake (rare cause in isolation)
GI loss - Urine loss
isolation) GI loss - Urine ... NG suction • Laxatives ... #Hypokalemia #Nephrology
Gitelman Syndrome - Diagnosis and Workup
Blood Work:
 - Hypokalemia
 - Hypomagnesemia
 - Metabolic Alkalosis
 - Elevated
Elevated Renin Urine ... No diuretic or laxative ... Diagnosis #Workup #nephrology
Gitelman Syndrome Overview

What?
• Inherited (AR) hypokalemic salt-losing tubulopathies affecting the thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter
• Gitelman's syndrome
Hypocalciuria (spot urine ... Bartter-Gitelman syndrome • Laxative ... Syndrome #diagnosis #nephrology
Types of Laxatives #constipation #chart #pharmacology #laxatives
Types of Laxatives ... #pharmacology #laxatives
Urine Microscopy Guide

#Diagnosis #Path #Nephrology #Urine #Microscopy #Chart #Guide #atlas
Urine Microscopy ... Diagnosis #Path #Nephrology ... #Urine #Microscopy
Approach to Elevated Bicarbonate (HCO3)
Risk Factors for Hypercapnea? (Hx of COPD, OSA, sedative use, CNS/muscular disorders?)
(+)
Metabolic Alkalosis Urine ... Vomiting/NG) • Laxatives ... Volume Contraction Urine