32 results
Woltman’s sign on Physical Exam

53-year-old man presented with fatigue and sensitivity to cold. A physical examination
Woltman’s sign on ... Woltman’s sign, ... deep-tendon reflex, is a neurologic ... Delayed #Clinical #Video ... #Neurology #Endocrinology
Gitelman Syndrome Pathophysiology
Gitelman Syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive salt-losing tubulopathy with a prevalence of 1-
Gitelman Syndrome Pathophysiology ... delivery to distal nephron ... → Hypokalemia Metabolic ... Gitelman #Syndrome #Pathophysiology ... #nephrology #diagnosis
Hoffmann's Sign

Hoffman's sign means upper motor neuron injury.  The Hoffmann's reflex test itself involves loosely
Hoffmann's Sign ... Hoffman's sign ... means upper motor neuron ... Abnormal #clinical #video ... #neurology #physicalexam
Hypothyroid Myopathy
Very common (up to 80% ) in patients with hypothyroidism
Pathophysiology:
 • T4 deficiency leads to
hypothyroidism Pathophysiology ... mitochondrial oxidative metabolism ... Hypothyroid #Myopathy #pathophysiology ... #signs #symptoms ... #endocrinology
Ankle Clonus on Physical Exam

Clonus is another sign of injury to the upper motor neuron. 

via
Clonus is another sign ... the upper motor neuron ... PhysicalExam #clinical #video ... #neurology
Feedback Loop: Growth Hormone (GH)
Growth Hormone:
 • Liver -> GHR activates JAK-STAT pathway -> Incr IGF1
activates lipolysis Signs ... thickness) - metabolic ... #FeedbackLoop #endocrinology ... #pathophysiology
Hypochloremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm

Cause - Decreased Intake:
 • Low salt in diet
 • Exclusive D5W
Excessive vomiting - Metabolic ... - Gitelman SIGNS ... increase may cause metabolic ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Pathophysiology ... #Nephrology #Chloride
Acute Spinal Cord Injuries: Pathogenesis and clinical findings
 • Anterior Cord Syndrome -> Anterior spinal artery
and lower motor neuron ... Syndromes #diagnosis #pathophysiology ... #signs #symptoms ... #orthopedics #neurology
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) - Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings
 • Note: in DKA, body K+ is lost
Due to neuronal metabolism ... Signs/Symptoms/Complications ... DiabeticKetoacidosis #DKA #pathophysiology ... #endocrinology
Weakness - Differential Diagnosis Framework

Approach To Weakness:
 • Non-neuromuscular disorder (Cardiac, pulmonary etc)
 • CNS ->
Upper Motor Neuron ... Radiation • Metabolic ... Lack of UMN/LMN signs ... Hypothyroid • Metabolic ... Differential #Diagnosis #neurology