15 results
Kussmaul Breathing Pattern

Demonstration of Kussmaul breathing pattern seen here in Diabetic Ketoacidosis.  Initial pH was
Kussmaul Breathing ... Kussmaul breathing ... associated with severe metabolic ... Pattern #Pulmonary #Sign ... #PhysicalExam #
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) - Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings
 • Note: in DKA, body K+ is lost
To prevent hypokalemia ... Due to neuronal metabolism ... Signs/Symptoms/Complications ... respiration (deep, fast breathing ... DiabeticKetoacidosis #DKA #pathophysiology
Abnormalities in Rate and Rhythm of Breathing 
Normal 
The respiratory rate is about 14—20 per min
, anxiety, and metabolic ... due to metabolic ... punctuated by frequent sighs ... Occasional sighs ... Abnormal #Diagnosis #PhysicalExam
Gitelman Syndrome Pathophysiology
Gitelman Syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive salt-losing tubulopathy with a prevalence of 1-
Gitelman Syndrome Pathophysiology ... H+ secretion → Hypokalemia ... Metabolic alkalosis ... Gitelman #Syndrome #Pathophysiology ... #nephrology #diagnosis
Causes of Secondary Hypertension - Workup and Differential Diagnosis
Approach (when evaluation should be done):
1. Severe or
hypertension and signs ... heart failure, neurologic ... and metabolic alkalosis ... renal bruit or signs ... Neurologic disorders
Hypochloremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm

Cause - Decreased Intake:
 • Low salt in diet
 • Exclusive D5W
Excessive vomiting - Metabolic ... - Gitelman SIGNS ... increase may cause metabolic ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Pathophysiology ... #Nephrology #Chloride
Intact Corneomandibular (Wartenberg) Reflex

Patient with pontine hemorrhage without impaired consciousness - Left corneal stimulation triggers contralateral
structural from metabolic ... emphasize that this sign ... Reflex #Intact #PhysicalExam ... #clinical #Neurology
Ocular Myasthenia Gravis on Physical Exam

A 41yo female was referred by her neurologist for double vision.
such as cogan sign ... swallowing or breathing ... Myasthenia #Gravis #PhysicalExam ... ophthalmology #neurology
Heat Illnesses and Heat Stroke - Differential Diagnosis Framework

Heat Cramps:
 • Muscle pain or spasm -
• Labs: - Metabolic ... Collapse: • Pathophysiology ... → Syncope • Signs ... Hypoglycemia - Hypocalcemia
Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES) Overview

Clinico-Radiological Syndrome, characterized by:
 • Headache
 • Seizures
 • Altered mental
may precede the neurologic ... Blood transfusion, Hypercalcemia ... Etiology: • Pathophysiology ... Drug toxicity, Metabolic ... diagnosis #management #neurology