16 results
Kussmaul Breathing Pattern

Demonstration of Kussmaul breathing pattern seen here in Diabetic Ketoacidosis.  Initial pH was
Kussmaul Breathing ... Kussmaul breathing ... associated with severe metabolic ... Pattern #Pulmonary #Sign ... #PhysicalExam #
Tumor lysis syndrome refers to the constellation of metabolic disturbances that occurs when large numbers of
Tumor lysis syndrome ... constellation of metabolic ... intracellular ions and metabolic ... hyperphosphatemia, #hypocalcemia ... acutekidneyinjury #Pathophysiology
Abnormalities in Rate and Rhythm of Breathing 
Normal 
The respiratory rate is about 14—20 per min
, anxiety, and metabolic ... due to metabolic ... hyperventilation syndrome—a ... Occasional sighs ... Abnormal #Diagnosis #PhysicalExam
Gitelman Syndrome Pathophysiology
Gitelman Syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive salt-losing tubulopathy with a prevalence of 1-
Gitelman Syndrome ... Pathophysiology ... H+ secretion → Hypokalemia ... Metabolic alkalosis ... #Pathophysiology
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) - Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings
 • Note: in DKA, body K+ is lost
To prevent hypokalemia ... Due to neuronal metabolism ... Signs/Symptoms/Complications ... respiration (deep, fast breathing ... DiabeticKetoacidosis #DKA #pathophysiology
Refeeding Syndrome: Pathogenesis and clinical findings

Patients at Risk of Refeeding Syndrome:
 - Little or no nutritional
Refeeding Syndrome ... • Incr Glucose Metabolism ... - Metabolic ... #diagnosis #pathophysiology ... #symptoms #signs
Causes of Secondary Hypertension - Workup and Differential Diagnosis
Approach (when evaluation should be done):
1. Severe or
hypertension and signs ... and metabolic alkalosis ... renal bruit or signs ... , Cushing's syndrome ... White-coat syndrome
Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES) Overview

Clinico-Radiological Syndrome, characterized by:
 • Headache
 • Seizures
 • Altered mental
Encephalopathy Syndrome ... Clinico-Radiological Syndrome ... Blood transfusion, Hypercalcemia ... Etiology: • Pathophysiology ... Drug toxicity, Metabolic
Sarcoidosis - Diagnosis and Management Summary
Epidemiology
1) High incidence in Scandinavian countries (11-24 cases per 100,000 individuals
survival is 93-95% Pathophysiology ... hyperphosphatemia, hypercalcemia ... Specific sarcoidosis syndromes ... • Heerfordt syndrome ... Diagnosis #Management #Signs
Heat Illnesses and Heat Stroke - Differential Diagnosis Framework

Heat Cramps:
 • Muscle pain or spasm -
• Labs: - Metabolic ... Collapse: • Pathophysiology ... → Syncope • Signs ... Hypoglycemia - Hypocalcemia