Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis - Differential Diagnosis
Chloride depletion syndromes
• Gastrointestinal losses
- Vomiting, nasogastric drainage
- Congenital chloridorrhea
- High-volume ileostomy drainage
- Some villous adenomas
• Renal losses
- Chloruretic drugs (eg, thiazides, furosemide)
- Bartter syndrome
- Gitelman syndrome
Mineralocorticoid excess syndromes
• Primary hyperaldosteronism
• Glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism
Apparent mineralocorticoid excess syndromes
• Liddle syndrome
• 11 ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 inhibition or deficiency
• Fludrocortisone administration
Other causes:
• Alkali intake or administration
• Milk alkali syndrome
• Severe potassium depletion (serum potassium <2 mmol/L)
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