Lung Abscess - Diagnosis and Management Summary
Lung Abscess Etiology:
• Necrosis of lung parenchyma by a polymicrobial infection
• Most common cause: Aspiration pneumonia
• DM risk factor for Klebsiella pneumonia
• Chronic alcoholism
• Periodontal disease/poor dentition/gingival disease
• IV substance use
• Esophageal dysmotility
• Depressed consciousness
• Large volume feeding tubes
Lung Abscess Pathophysiology:
1. Inoculum
2. Pneumonitis
3. Tissue necrosis (7-14 days later)
4. Lung abscess
Lung Abscess - Clinical Presentation:
• 80% have fever ≥ 38 degrees
• Chills, night sweats, fatigue, unexplained weight loss
• Late disease: Pleuritic chest pain, hemoptysis, dyspnea, productive cough
• Putrid sputum/sour-tasting sputum
Lung Abscess - Physical Exam:
• Poor dentition
• Gingival crevice disease
• Diminished breath sounds
• Rales
Lung Abscess Diagnosis:
• CBC - Leukocytosis, anemia
• Sputum/Blood cultures
• CXR (non-diagnostic in early disease)
• CXR upright or lat decubitus - air fluid level seen
• Chest CT
Lung Abscess Management:
• Antibiotics:
- IV Ampicillin-sulbactam
- Piperacillin/Tazobactam - pseudomonas
- Carbapenems
- IV Clindamycin in case of PCN allergy
- Switch to oral antibiotics once stable
- 10-15% require lobectomy or pneumonectomy if fail antibiotics
• Consider Surgical Intervention:
- Fevers > 10 days
- Hemoptysis
- Cavitation > 6 cm
- Neoplasm, or hemorrhage
• Treatment duration:
- 3 weeks or continue antibiotic treatment until the chest radiograph shows a small, stable residual lesion or is clear. This generally requires several months of treatment
• Delayed response: Evaluate for foreign body, cancer, or bronchial stenosis
Lung Abscess Pathogens:
• Aerobic Bacteria:
- Staph. Aureus
- Legionella
- H. Influenza
- E. Coli
- P. Aeruginosa
- Strep. Pyogenes
- K. Pneumonia
• Anaerobic Bacteria:
- Bacteroides
- Fusobacterium
- Peptostreptococcus
- Prevotella
• Fungal:
- Aspergillosis
- Blastomyces
- Dermatitidis
- Cryptococcus
- Coccidioides
• Parasite:
- Entamoeba histolytica
- Paragonimus westermani
• Other: TB, M. avium, M. kansii
Lung Abscess Differential Diagnosis:
• Vasculitis (e.g., Granulomatosis with polyangiitis)
• Malignancy
• Aspirated foreign body
• Bronchostenosis
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