Risk Factors and Signs of Copper Deficiency Risk Factors: • Gastrointestinal: Previous upper bowel resection/bariatric surgery, Inflammatory bowel disease, Chronic diarrhoea, Short bowel syndrome, Cystic fibrosis • Medications: Proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use • Excess Zinc: Overuse of zinc, Ingestion of dental fixatives, Treatment of Wilson's disease • Metabolic: Menkes disease • Nutritional: Decreased consumption of copper-rich foods, Total parenteral nutrition/jejunal nutrition, Excess alcohol consumption, Malnutrition Signs: • Cardiovascular: Hypercholesterolaemia, Ischaemic heart disease, Stroke, Myocardial infarction, Sudden death • Musculoskeletal: Low bone mineral density, Impaired growth in children • Haematological: Anaemia, Leucopenia, Neutropenia, Thrombocytopenia, Dysplastic haematopoiesis with or without ring sideroblasts • Neurological: Myelopathy, Peripheral neuropathy, Optic neuropathy, Ataxia Dr. Keith Siau @drkeithsiau #Copper #Deficiency #diagnosis #signs #riskfactors #symptoms #nutrition
