Co-occurrence of Lung-Brain Infections
When we hear a patient w/ co-occurrence of lung-brain infection, Nocardia seems to be the #1 thought, but the Ddx is actually very broad:
• Nocardia
• Histoplasmosis, Blastomycosis, Coccidioidomycosis, Cryptococcosis, Zygomyces, Aspergillus
• Tuberculosis
• Endocarditis: Staph, Strep
• Lemierre syndrome: Fusobacterium
• Toxoplasma (esp. among transplant recipients)
• Hypermucoviscous Klebsiella
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Causes of Hyperpyrexia (Temp > 106.7° F) - Differential Diagnosis
• Heat Stroke
• Drug-induced: Amphetamines, Cocaine, Ecstasy, Lithium, Anticholinergics, Sympathomimetics
• Serotonin syndrome: SSRIs, MAOIs, TCAs
• Neuroleptic malignant sx: Phenothiazines, Haloperidol, Metoclopramide, withdrawal of Dopaminergic Agents
• Malignant Hyperthermia: Inhalational Anesthetics, succinylcholine
• Endocrinopathy: Pheochromocytoma, Thyrotoxicosis
• CNS damage: Hemorrhage, Status Epilepticus, Hypothalamic Injury
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Differential Diagnosis of Pulmonary Eosinophilia
Infection:
• Helminthic: Loffler syndrome (Ascaris, hookworm, Strongyloides), Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia (lymphatic filariasis), Paragonimiasis
• Fungal: Invasive (esp. coccidioidomycosis), Allergic (ABPA, ABPM)
Medications and Toxins:
• Antimicrobials: Daptomycin, Nitrofurantoin, Sulfonamides, Ampicillin, Minocycline
• Toxins: Crack cocaine, Heroin, Marijuana, Tobacco, Scorpion sting
Others:
• Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA, Churg-Strauss)
• Idiopathic: Acute chronic pulmonary eosinophilia, Hypereosinophilic syndrome, Neoplasms
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"I MD SOAPS" Infectious Diseases Exposure History
I - Immunization - Vaccination status (age-appropriate, comorbidities, travel, etc)
M - Medication - ART, immunocompromising medications; drug exposure & allergies, prophylactic medications
D - Dietary - Consumption of specific food (e.g. unpasteurized milk, street food)
S - Sexual - Partners, practices, protection, past STI history
O - Occupational / Others - Current or previous work exposures, incarceration, homelessness
A - Animal/Arthropod/Activities - Animal exposure, tick/mosquito bites, hiking, kayaking, daycare, hunting, etc.
P - Place - Travel history, place of residence, proximity to livestock/animal farms, rural/urban, etc.
S - Sick Contact - Similar illness in household members, past ID history in family members
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Important causes of diarrhea in people with HIV/AIDS
Severity, chronicity/persistence will depend On CD4 count & sites of infection
1) Bacteria:
- Salmonella, Campylobacter, MAC.
- Others: E. coli, Shigella, bacterial overgrowth
2) Viral:
- CMV
- Others: Norwalk, adenovirus
3) Fungal:
- Histoplasma
- Others: Coccidioides
4) Protozoal: Cryptosporidium, Microsporidia, Cystoisospora, Cyclospora, Giardia, E. Histolytica
5) Others: Lymphoma, Kaposrs sarcoma, AIDS enteropathy, pancreatic insufficiency, drug-induced
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