1 Consumption of organic anions 2 Demineralization 3 Lactate, dissociated fatty acids, etc. Metabolism Ht consumptiont cos- РО}- HPOT HCO3 Hyperventilation CO, output with expiration† 6 Vomiting Нуро- kalemia Нуро- volemia H HCO; 4 ЗНСОз Nat 5 Na Proximal tubules Hypopara-thyroidism Aldosteronet 7 Liver failure Urea Distal nephron NH4 Cys •- Met -- Lys 504 2- Protein deficiency 8 Arg H* excretion CO production 个个 [H*] PrH pH= pk+ HCO, consumption [HCO;] [CO,] Pr [HC03] >7.45 #Alkalosis H2O