Causes of Hypercalcemia Parathyroid hormone–dependent Primary hyperparathyroidism Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia Lithium-associated Tertiary hyperparathyroidism Genetic disorders (e.g., multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 or type 2A, familial hyperparathyroidism) Parathyroid hormone–independent Renal failure, acute or chronic* Neoplasms - Parathyroid hormone–related protein dependent - Osteolytic metastases and multiple myeloma - Other humoral syndromes Excess vitamin D - Ingested or topical vitamin D analogues - Granulomatous disease - Williams syndrome Other endocrine diseases: thyrotoxicosis, adrenal insufficiency Drugs: vitamin A intoxication, milk-alkali syndrome, thiazide diuretics, theophylline Other: immobilization, Jansen disease #Hypercalcemia #Causes #Differential #Diagnosis #Endocrinology
