Causes of Nephrolithiasis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Radio-opaque - Calcium-containing - 90% of stones Radiolucent - Non-calcium 10% of stones Uric Acid Stones: • Hyperuricosuria • High protein intake Soft Stones - Struvite Stones - 10% of stones: • Urinary tract infection Cysteine Stones - Non Calcium containing, but opaque: • Cystinuria Hypercalciuria: • Increased PTH • High salt intake • High protein intake Hyperoxaluria: • Enteric overproduction • Low calcium intake • Dietary • Ethylene glycol ingestion Stones with decreased solubility: • Low urine volume • Hypocitraturia • RTA Type I • High protein intake Anatomical problem: • Medullary sponge kidney #RenalStones #Nephrolithiasis #Nephrology #Differential #Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes
