Causes of Urinary Tract Obstruction - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Upper Tract - Bladder NOT distended on ultrasound, Hematuria, flank pain, +/- N/V
- Mass
• Urothelial cell carcinoma
• Squamous cell carcinoma
- Stone
• Calcium oxalate
• Calcium phosphate
• Uric acid [radiolucent on x-ray]
• Struvite
• Cysteine
- Extraluminal
• Retroperitoneal Fibrosis
• Cancer
- Intramural
• Ureteropelvic junction obstruction
Lower Tract - Distended bladder on ultrasound, Urgency, frequency, hesitancy, nocturia
- Bladder
• Carcinoma (until proven otherwise)
• Bladder stone
• Thrombus (frank hematuria)
- Outflow Tract
• BPH
• Prostate cancer
• Urethral stricture
• Posterior Urethral valves
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