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Classification, Differential Diagnosis, and Features of Hyponatremia According to Volume Status 

Hypervolemic hypernatremia 
 - CHF
, Differential Diagnosis ... syndrome - Acute ... deficit - Salt-losing ... Vomiting - Diarrhea ... #Table #Causes
Muscarinic Receptor Agonists and Antagonists 
Muscarinic Receptor Agonists
Methacholine
 • Diagnosis of bronchial airway
Carbachol
 • Glaucorna (topical
Muscarinic Receptor Agonists ... Methacholine • Diagnosis ... Atropine • Acute ... hyoscyamine • Diarrhea-predominant ... #Pharmacology #Table
Causes of Acute Infectious Diarrhea
Noninflammatory Diarrhea
Viral - Noroviruses, astrovirus, adenovirus, Rotavirus, sapovirus
Protozoal - Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium,
Causes of Acute ... Infectious Diarrhea ... #Causes #Acute ... #differential #diagnosis ... #table
Algorithm for the Evaluation of Acute Diarrhea (< 7 days)
Are the following present?
   1.
Evaluation of Acute ... Diarrhea (< 7 days ... Hospitalization required #Acute ... #Diarrhea #management ... algorithm #workup #diagnosis
Algorithm for the Evaluation of Chronic Diarrhea (< 7 days)
Exclude:
1. Causes of acute diarrhea
2. Lactose intolerance
3.
Evaluation of Chronic Diarrhea ... Causes of acute ... diarrhea 2. ... #management #algorithm ... #workup #diagnosis
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Hypovolemia, UNa > 20: 
 • Renal losses, Diuretic excess,
- Differential Diagnosis ... deficiency, Salt-losing ... losses, Vomiting, Diarrhea ... UNa > 20: • Acute ... #Differential #Diagnosis
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide)
 • Glaucoma
 • Epilepsy
 • Altitude
disequilibrium syndrome • Diagnosis ... irrigation • Management ... Torsemide) • Acute ... hyperaldosteronism • Acute ... #Medications #Table
Characteristics of Serotonin Syndrome and Other Hyperthermic Syndromes 
Serotonin Syndrome
 - SSRIs, second-generation antidepressants, MAOIs, linezolid,
bowel sounds, diarrhea ... antipsychotics - Acute ... Hyperthermic #Syndromes #Diagnosis ... #Comparison #Table
Summary of actions of some Cholinergic Agonists

Bethanechol 
• Used in treatment of urinary retention 
• Binds
some Cholinergic Agonists ... Produces miosis during ... Edrophonium • Used for diagnosis ... #Cholinergic #Agonists ... #Pharmacology #Table
Causes of Hypokalemia
Transcellular Shifts:
 - Alkalosis, Increased plasma insulin (treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis), ß-Adrenergic agonists, Hypokalemic
, ß-Adrenergic agonists ... nasogastric suction, Diarrhea ... Hypomagnesemia, Acute ... #differential #diagnosis