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Causes of Hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia due to increased bone Ca2+ resorption:
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism, Malignancy, Pseudohyperparathyroidism, Renal failure,
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... failure, Addison's disease ... #differential #diagnosis ... #calcium #high ... #endocrinology
Clinical Examination in Endocrine Diseases

#Endocrinology #PhysicalExam #Diagnosis #Signs
Examination in Endocrine Diseases ... #Endocrinology ... #PhysicalExam # ... Diagnosis #Signs
Causes of High-anion Gap and Non-anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis
Causes of High-anion Gap Acidosis:
 • Lactic acidosis
Causes of High-anion ... of High-anion Gap ... progressive kidney disease ... exchange resins #aniongap ... #differential #diagnosis
The Diagnostic Approach to Hyperkalemia
Drugs
 - Amiloride
 - Spironolactone
 - Triamterene
 - Trimethoprim
 - Pentamidine
 -
The Diagnostic Approach ... inhibitors Other causes ... transplant - SLE High ... Hyperkalemia #Algorithm #diagnosis ... #differential #causes
Laboratory Evaluation of Patients for Thyroid Disease 
Hyperthyroidism:
 • Graves disease - TSH low; free T4
Patients for Thyroid Disease ... Hyperthyroidism: • Graves disease ... ; in some cases, ... #differential #diagnosis ... #endocrinology
Hyperkalemia Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
R/O Pseudo-hyperkalemia:
 • Possible Lab error! Alwavs Repeat Blood sample!
 • Leukocytosis, Thrombocytosis:
Hyperkalemia Differential Diagnosis ... TTKG should be high ... #Algorithm #causes ... #potassium #high ... #pathophysiology
Differentiation of Causes of Hyperthyroidism According to Pattern of Radionucleotide Uptake
Reduced uptake:
 • Thyroiditis
 • Exogenous
Differentiation of Causes ... uptake: • Graves' disease ... #differential #diagnosis ... hyperthyroidism #endocrinology
Diseases of the Biliary Tract
Asymptomatic gallstones - Asymptomatic
Symptomatic gallstones - Biliary pain
Cholesterolosis of gallbladder - Usually
Diseases of the ... Adenomyomatosis - May cause ... asymptomatic, high ... pancreatitis #biliary #diseases ... #differential #diagnosis
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Parathyroid gland structure-related
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism
 • Parathyroid adenoma
 • Parathyroid hyperplasia
 • Parathyroid
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... Chronic kidney disease ... Hypercalcemia #Causes ... #endocrinology ... #diagnosis #differential
Imaging Modalities for Renal Calculus

AXR. KUB
 - Good far calcium-containing stones useful when limited radiation dose
non-invasive - High ... identify non-calculus causes ... abdominal pain: diagnoses ... retroperitoneal disease ... for non-calculus causes