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differential calculi calculus hypercalcemia renal stones acidosis hyperthyroid hypothyroid imaging kidney metabolic modalities nephrology nongap radiology types
Causes of Hypercalcemia Hypercalcemia due to increased bone Ca2+ resorption: • Primary hyperparathyroidism, Malignancy, Pseudohyperparathyroidism, Renal failure,
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... failure, Addison's disease ... #differential #diagnosis ... #calcium #high ... #endocrinology
Causes of High-anion Gap and Non-anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis Causes of High-anion Gap Acidosis: • Lactic acidosis
Causes of High-anion ... of High-anion Gap ... progressive kidney disease ... exchange resins #aniongap ... #differential #diagnosis
Causes of Hypercalcemia Parathyroid gland structure-related • Primary hyperparathyroidism • Parathyroid adenoma • Parathyroid hyperplasia • Parathyroid
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... Lithium use • Calcium-sensing ... Hypercalcemia #Causes ... #endocrinology ... #diagnosis #differential
Types of Renal Calculi Calcium oxalate - Interstitial apatite plaque, Low urine volume, Increased urinary calcium excretion,
Renal Calculi Calcium ... recessive genetic disease ... Mycoplasma infections, High ... #differential #diagnosis ... #causes #calculus
Laboratory Evaluation of Patients for Thyroid Disease Hyperthyroidism: • Graves disease - TSH low; free T4
Patients for Thyroid Disease ... Hyperthyroidism: • Graves disease ... ; in some cases, ... #differential #diagnosis ... #endocrinology
Imaging Modalities for Renal Calculus AXR. KUB - Good far calcium-containing stones useful when limited radiation dose
KUB - Good far calcium-containing ... non-invasive - High ... identify non-calculus causes ... retroperitoneal disease ... for non-calculus causes
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