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Causes of Hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia due to increased bone Ca2+ resorption:
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism, Malignancy, Pseudohyperparathyroidism, Renal failure,
failure, Addison's disease ... Granulomatous diseases ... #Causes #differential ... #diagnosis #calcium ... #high #endocrinology
The Diagnostic Approach to Hyperkalemia
Drugs
 - Amiloride
 - Spironolactone
 - Triamterene
 - Trimethoprim
 - Pentamidine
 -
Diagnostic Approach to Hyperkalemia ... transplant - SLE High ... Diabetes mellitus - Acute ... Beta-Blockers #Hyperkalemia ... Algorithm #diagnosis #differential
Types of Renal Calculi

Calcium oxalate
 - Interstitial apatite plaque, Low urine volume, Increased urinary calcium excretion,
hypercalciuria, Hypercalcemia ... hypercalciuria, Hypercalcemia ... recessive genetic disease ... Mycoplasma infections, High ... Renal #stones #differential
Causes of High-anion Gap and Non-anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis
Causes of High-anion Gap Acidosis:
 • Lactic acidosis
Causes of High-anion ... Renal failure (acute ... progressive kidney disease ... Metabolic #Acidosis #differential ... diagnosis #causes #nephrology
Classification of Diabetes Insipidus

Central or neurogenic diabetes insipidus:
 - Congenital - Structural malformations affecting the hypothalamus
granulomatous diseases ... causes (e.g., hypokalemia ... , hypercalcemia) ... Classification #Types #Nephrology ... #Diagnosis #Differential
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Parathyroid gland structure-related
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism
 • Parathyroid adenoma
 • Parathyroid hyperplasia
 • Parathyroid
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... Lithium use • Calcium-sensing ... Hyperthyroidism • Paget's disease ... Chronic kidney disease ... endocrinology #diagnosis #differential
Classification, Differential Diagnosis, and Features of Hyponatremia According to Volume Status 

Hypervolemic hypernatremia 
 - CHF
Classification, Differential ... syndrome - Acute ... chronic kidney disease ... Glucocorticoid deficit - Hypokalemia ... Classification #Differential
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Hypovolemia, UNa > 20: 
 • Renal losses, Diuretic excess,
Hyponatremia - Differential ... UNa > 20: • Acute ... renal failure Hypervolemia ... #Hyponatremia #Differential ... Algorithm #Causes #nephrology
Causes of Acute Kidney Injury ( AKI ) - Prerenal, Renal, and Postrenal

PRE-RENAL 
Impaired perfusion: 
•
Causes of Acute ... • Inflammatory disease ... #Diagnosis #Acute ... Postrenal #Failure #Differential ... #Nephrology
Diseases of the Biliary Tract
Asymptomatic gallstones - Asymptomatic
Symptomatic gallstones - Biliary pain
Cholesterolosis of gallbladder - Usually
Diseases of the ... asymptomatic, high ... gallbladder cancer Acute ... pancreatitis #biliary #diseases ... #differential #