11 results
Approach to the A-a Gradient
A-a gradient = PAO2 - PaO2
A-a gradient = [FiO2 x (Patm -
Hypoventilation: CNS of Respiratory ... Wall Elasticity (flail ... Edema, Atelectasis ... , Obstructive Lung ... Gradient #alveolar #arterial
Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure - Differential Diagnosis Framework
DECREASED INSPIRED OXYGEN
 • Low PATM Can decrease first part
obesity-hypoventilation syndrome ... : Interstitial lung ... edema (most common ... hepatopulmonary syndrome ... shunting (eg, atrial
Right-Sided Heart Failure - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Cardiac Causes - Rule out Left-Sided Heart Failure (Most Common):
• Diffuse Lung ... • Acute Respiratory ... Distress Syndrome ... • Chronic Lung ... Arterial Hypertension
Uncommon Causes of Noncardiogenic Pulmonary Edema (NCPE) - Differential Diagnosis Framework

High Altitude Pulmonary Edema:
 • Accumulation
blood cells in the lung ... of the spiral arteries ... edema can be caused ... by a massive PE ... #edema #causes
Pulmonary Pathology and Associated Lung Ultrasound Findings
Pneumothorax:
 - No lung sliding/barcode sign
 - Lung point (hard
- Bilateral A-lines ... pleura in severe cases ... Edema: - Widespread ... severity Acute Respiratory ... Distress Syndrome
Noncardiogenic Pulmonary Edema - Differential Diagnosis Framework

NCPE Pathophysiology:
Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema occurs because of excessive pulmonary capillary
Causes include: ... Physical/Labs: • A ... Etiology: • Acute respiratory ... distress syndrome ... Transfusion-related acute lung
Berlin Criteria for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) 
- Respiratory symptoms must have begun within one
Distress Syndrome ... consistent with pulmonary ... edema must be present ... lobar collapse, lung ... by the ratio of arterial
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome – ARDS: Clinical Cheat Sheet

An acute diffuse, inflammatory lung injury, leading to
Acute Respiratory ... Distress Syndrome ... leading to increased pulmonary ... edema must be present ... <300mmHg with a
Bronchiectasis - Summary

What?
• Bronchiectasis is derived from the Greek words bronckos meaning airway and ectasis meaning
• Mounier-Kuhn syndrome ... in the adjacent lung ... of the affected lung ... CT) • Broncho-arterial ... Immunoglobulins (Ig M, A,
Acid Base Disorders - Blood Gas Interpretation

Steps for Blood Gas Interpretation: 
1. Acidemia or Alkalemia? 
2.
D-lactate (short bowel syndrome ... , intestinal bacterial ... M Methanol A ... Classically” noted with pulmonary ... or restrictive lung