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nephrology diagnosis differential algorithm alkalosis metabolic hypokalemia causes defects potassium chloride epithelial fanconi inherited kidney liddle localization low management nephron
Localization of Renal Tubular Defects Fanconi Syndrome: Proximal tubule Bartter Syndrome: Thick ascending loop of Henle Gitelman Syndrome: Distal
Bartter Syndrome ... loop of Henle Gitelman ... #Fanconi #Bartter ... Nephron #Defects #Pathophysiology ... #Nephrology
Algorithm for Differentiating Gitelman syndrome from Bartter syndrome • Urine Chloride • Urine Ca/Cr ratio Dr. Krithika
syndrome from Bartter ... syndrome • Urine ... Chloride • Urine ... #syndrome #Bartter ... #Algorithm #nephrology
Primary Metabolic Alkalosis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Volume Depleted 2° hyperaldosteronism • Low Urine Cl-: Vomiting, NGT
hyperaldosteronism • Low Urine ... (late) • High Urine ... Cl-: Diuretics, Bartter ... Syndrome, Gitelman ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #nephrology
Primary Metabolic Alkalosis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Volume Depleted - 2° hyperaldosteronism • Low Urine Cl-: Vomiting,
hyperaldosteronism • Low Urine ... (late) • High Urine ... Cl-: Diuretics, Bartter ... Syndrome, Gitelman ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Nephrology
Gitelman Syndrome Pathophysiology Gitelman Syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive salt-losing tubulopathy with a prevalence of 1-
Gitelman Syndrome ... Pathophysiology ... Gitelman Syndrome ... in the distal tubule ... #Syndrome #Pathophysiology
Gitelman Syndrome Overview What? • Inherited (AR) hypokalemic salt-losing tubulopathies affecting the thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter • Gitelman's syndrome
Gitelman Syndrome ... Hypocalciuria (spot urine ... • Bartter syndrome ... • Pseudo Bartter-Gitelman ... #pathophysiology
Inherited Defects in Kidney Tubule Epithelial Cells Renal glucosuria - Na+-dependent glucose cotransporter Cystinuria - Amino acid transporter Bartter
acid transporter Bartter ... syndrome - Na-K ... ascending limb Gitelman ... Liddle syndrome ... Defects #Kidney #Nephrology
Algorithm for patients with hypokalemia on the basis of the potassium-to-creatinine ratio in the urine Urine K+
excess, Liddle syndrome ... Mg2+ deficiency, Bartter ... syndrome, Gitelman ... syndrome #hypokalemia ... algorithm #diagnosis #nephrology
Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis: Differential Diagnosis ECF volume contracted: urine chloride concentration <20 meq/L • Gastric alkalosis:
volume contracted: urine ... volume expanded: urine ... actively working • Bartter ... furosemide-like lesion) • Gitelman ... Diagnosis #Causes #nephrology
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
A urine K/Cr ratio ... • Diarrhea A urine ... Emesis, Diuretics, Bartter ... syndrome, Gitelman ... differential #potassium #nephrology
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