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Drugs affecting the cardiac action potential. The sharp rise in voltage ("0") corresponds to the influx
to the sodium-channel ... voltage-sensitive calcium channels ... Antiarrhythmics #Classes ... #Effect #ActionPotentials
Bradycardia - Differential Diagnosis Framework

BRADI Mnemonic
 • BRASH/Hyperkalemia
 • Reduced oxygen/Glucose/Temp
 • ACS
 • Drugs
 •
Infections BRASH Syndrome ... • Tachy-Brady syndrome ... blockers • Calcium channel ... Spondylarthropathies Other causes ... differential #diagnosis #causes
Bradycardia Diagnostic and Management Algorithm

CONSIDER ETIOLOGY (not inclusive): 
 - STRUCTURAL: sick sinus, AV block, ischemia,
Bradycardia Diagnostic ... digoxin, calcium channel ... LIFE THREATENING CAUSES ... beta-blockers, calcium channel ... Diagnosis #Management #Bradycardia
Brugada syndrome with non-sustained VT; sodium channel blocking drugs (e.g. amio, procainamide) can be dangerous here!

-
Brugada syndrome ... non-sustained VT; sodium channel ... amalmattu #Brugada #syndrome ... #Electrocardiogram
Hypercalcemia - EKG Findings
Causes of Hypercalcemia 
• Malignancy 
• Milk-alkali syndrome 
• Vitamin D toxicity 
•
EKG Findings Causes ... • Milk-alkali syndrome ... Hypercalcemia #EKG #ECG #Electrocardiogram ... #Differential #Causes
BRASH Syndrome

B - Bradycardia
R - Renal failure
A - AV nodal blockade
S - Shock
H - Hyperkalemia

Typical ECG
BRASH Syndrome ... B - Bradycardia ... flattening of P waves (Bradycardia ... • If on a Ca2+ channel ... DrEricStrong #BRASH #Syndrome
Pharmacologic Treatment of Hypertensive Emergencies in Pregnancy
Drug - Dose range - Onset/oeak/duration - Side effects
 -
- Labetalol - Bradycardia ... block, maternal bradycardia ... , tachycardia, nausea ... hypotension, lupus-like syndrome ... - Urapidil - Nausea
Approach to the Hypotensive Patient - Differential Diagnosis Framework for Hypotension

Blood Pressure = Heart Rate x
Resistance Bradycardia ... output): • Sinus bradycardia ... • Sick sinus syndrome ... differential #diagnosis #causes
Approach to ECGs - Tachy/Bradyarrhythmias
Tachyarrhythmias - HR > 100
Wide
  (1) VT - DANGER
  (2)
60 (1) Sinus bradycardia ... (2) Sick Sinus Syndrome ... 200ms from longer pause ... #Tachycardia #Bradycardia ... EKG #diagnosis #electrocardiogram
Intraoperative  Bradycardia - Guidelines for Crises in Anaesthesia
Bradycardia in theatre should not be treated as
Intraoperative Bradycardia ... Guidelines for Crises ... in Anaesthesia Bradycardia ... Consider known drug causes ... digoxin; calcium channel