35 results
Central Retinal Vein Occlusion (CRVO)
 - Pathophysiology not fully understood; possibly due to thrombus located in
Central Retinal ... Occlusion (CRVO) - Pathophysiology ... Second most common cause ... disease (Most common cause ... Ophthalmology #Fundoscopy
Pathological Optic Disc Cupping

Note cup-to-disc ratio at least 0.8 (physiologic limit of 0.5).

Thinning of optic disc
Usual cause is glaucoma ... Glaucoma causes ... of optic nerve axons ... OpticDisc #Cupping #fundoscopy
Cotton Wool Spots

Caused by microinfarcts. Exploded ganglion cell axons extrude their axoplasm into retina. Long DDx:
Wool Spots Caused ... ganglion cell axons ... CottonWool #Spots #fundoscopy
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS 
OF ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY. 

Primary and secondary adrenal insufficiency:
 - Tiredness, weakness, mental depression
Tiredness, weakness, mental ... hypotension - Nausea ... thyroid disease - Central ... Insufficiency #Addisons
Age Related Macular Degeneration: Pathogenesis and clinical findings

Photoreceptor atrophy 
-> Extracellular debris (drusen) from RPE atrophy/metabolism
neovascularization seen on fundoscopy ... - Distorted central ... edema seen on fundoscopy ... blind spots in central ... MacularDegeneration #pathophysiology
Central Retinal Artery Occlusion: Pathogenesis and clinical findings
 • Inflammatory Disease: (i.e. GCA, SLE, GPA) ->
Central Retinal ... => Blockage of central ... retinal edema caused ... Ganglion cells and axons ... Occlusion #CRAO #pathophysiology
The Inhibited Pathway caused by N2O, leading to a decrease in the active form of Vitamin
Inhibited Pathway caused ... oxidation of its central ... demyelination in the central ... use of N2O can cause ... #Pathophysiology
Uncommon Causes of Noncardiogenic Pulmonary Edema (NCPE) - Differential Diagnosis Framework

High Altitude Pulmonary Edema:
 • Accumulation
epilepticus • Pathophysiology ... - Presence of central ... The predominant pathophysiologic ... include depressed mental ... • Pathophysiology
Signs and Symptoms Associated With Different Headache Etiologies
 • Nonfocal mental status changes - Meningitis, encephalitis,
poisoning • Mental ... stroke • Severe nausea ... pulsations on funduscopy ... vasoconstriction syndrome, central ... signs #symptoms #clues
Pathyophysiology - hyperglycemic crises in patients with diabetes 
Key signs/symptoms of HHS/DKA:
Both: Polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss,
Pathyophysiology ... hyperglycemic crises ... weeks), altered mental