10 results
Chronic Hypertensive Retinopathy: Pathogenesis and clinical findings

Ophthalmic Artery Hypertension
Stage 1: Mild/vasoconstrictive
 • Acute and chronic vasospasm
Chronic Hypertensive ... -> Cotton-wool Spots ... -> Elschnig's Spots ... Retinopathy #pathophysiology ... diagnosis #signs #symptoms
Iron Deficiency in Heart Failure
Pathophysiology:
Chronic heart failure leads to an increase in inflammatory cytokines → Inflammation
Heart Failure Pathophysiology ... : Chronic heart ... improvement in symptoms ... diagnosis #management #cardiology
Heart failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF)
Clinical Presentation
1. Typical symptoms: dyspnea, orthopnea paroxysmal noctumal dyspnea, fatigue,
Typical symptoms ... dyspnea, orthopnea paroxysmal ... Less Typical Symptoms ... *Chronic HFrEF may ... diagnosis #management #cardiology
Widened Pulse Pressure - Differential Diagnosis and Pathophysiology

Pulse pressure is the difference between the systolic blood
Diagnosis and Pathophysiology ... disorders - Chronic ... PP and systolic hypertension ... Differential #Diagnosis #Pathophysiology ... #causes #cardiology
Atrial Fibrillation (A-Fib) Summary

Symptoms:
• Palpitations, light-headedness, dizziness, dyspnea, exercise intolerance, chest pain, near-syncope, syncope.

Why?
Cardiac:
	• Valvular heart
A-Fib) Summary Symptoms ... possibly better: • Symptom ... patients with chronic ... Pill-in-the-pocket" for paroxysmal ... diagnosis #management #cardiology
Mycoses

HISTOPLASMOSIS
• Inhalation of conidia → Yeast → travel to lymph nodes → spread in body
• Bird
85% • < 50% in chronic ... infection) • Chronic ... Inhalation of spores ... Aspergillosis Pathophysiology ... : • Acute or chronic
Short Bowel Syndrome - Acute and Chronic Adverse Signs and Symptoms of Ileal Resection
 • Dehydration
Short Bowel Syndrome ... - Acute and Chronic ... Adverse Signs and Symptoms ... Syndrome #Signs #Symptoms ... Ileal #Resection #pathophysiology
Bulimia Nervosa: Signs and Symptoms
Associated Psychological / Behavioural Features
 • Feelings of shame, guilt and embarrassment
Nervosa: Signs and Symptoms ... gum disease from chronic ... indication of chronic ... Russell's Sign • Sores ... BulimiaNervosa #pathophysiology
SLE (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus)

Suspect:
Clinical evidence of (fatigue, rash, photosensitivity, inflammatory arthritis, weight loss, and fever) and
Frank nephritis (hypertension ... • Malar rash - spares ... Induced Lupus: • Symptoms ... with Lupus: • Chronic
Alcohol Withdrawal: Clinical Findings and Complications
The onset of alcohol withdrawal generally begins 6-24 hours after the
last drink with symptoms ... Symptoms typically ... - Tachycardia, hypertension ... Generalized Tonic-Clonic ... Alcohol #Withdrawal #Pathophysiology