16 results
Atlas of Urine Microscopy Findings
 • Epithelial cells - Normal
 • Renal tubular cells - Acute
tubular cells - Acute ... tubular injury ... infection • Hyaline ... tubular injury ... key #diagnosis #nephrology
Causes of Acute Kidney Injury ( AKI ) - Prerenal, Renal, and Postrenal

PRE-RENAL 
Impaired perfusion: 
•
Kidney Injury ( ... • Sepsis • Blood ... • Inflammatory disease ... • Infection ... #Kidney #Injury
Hematuria - Differential Diagnosis Framework

Gross Hematuria: Red/Dark urine
 • 1ml blood/liter urine can induce color change
urine • 1ml blood ... Immune mediated injury ... of glomerular disease ... #nephrology #renal ... #urine #blood
Urinary Casts and Disease Associations
Hyaline - May be nonspecific; seen in normal individuals or during severe
Urinary Casts and Disease ... casts are seen in acute ... Urinary tract infections ... tubulointerstitial nephritis, renal ... #Differential #Microscopy
Rhabdomyolysis - Differential Diagnosis Framework and Management Summary

Causes of Rhabdomyolysis:
 • Trauma:
	- Immobilization
	- Crush injury
	- Compartment
Statins - ETOH - Infection ... UA positive for blood ... Treatment: ... disease 2. ... #nephrology
Elevated Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) - Differential Diagnosis Framework

LDH is a cytoplasmic enzyme present in tissues throughout
concentrations in: RBCs ... deficiency of red blood ... : • Early acute ... • Toxins • Infection ... fever) • Drugs (alcohol
Pulmonary Renal Syndromes - OnePager Summary
Autoimmune ANCA vasculitis (AAV): GPA (granulomatous with polyangiitis), EGPA (eosinophilic granulomatosis
life-threatening diseases ... injury), Coags ... confirm DAH, r/o infection ... reveals increasing blood ... diagnosis #management #treatment
Causes of Secondary Hypertension - Workup and Differential Diagnosis
Approach (when evaluation should be done):
1. Severe or
heart failure, neurologic ... kidney injury). ... Sympathomimetic, Alcohol ... disease: CKD, acute ... Neurologic disorders
Urinalysis & Urine Sodium 
Theophilus Protospatharius, a seventh-century physician who wrote the first manuscript focused exclusively
proteinuria as a disease ... Microscopic exam ... and parasites (infections ... used with normal renal ... Acute Kidney Injury
Blood Transfusion Reactions

Immune Mediated:
 • Febrile Non-Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction (FNHTR): Most common immune reaction to transfusion.
Acute Hemolytic ... , DIC, hypoTN, renal ... Transfusion Related Acute ... Lung Injury (TRALI ... Infection - Infection